Most collide on forward edge Some collide on backside About a million average sized droplets would be required to produce a raindrop! Terminal velocity:

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Presentation transcript:

Most collide on forward edge Some collide on backside About a million average sized droplets would be required to produce a raindrop! Terminal velocity: Almost 10 m/s for largest raindrops

Collisions cause coalescence… but very small droplets can avoid impact

Why can a cumuliform cloud produce heavier precipitation than a stratiform cloud?

Supercooled water droplets

Cumulonimbus clouds Top = ice (fuzzy cloud margins) Bottom = liquid (sharp margins) Middle = mix of ice & water

Ice forms directly on ice nuclei (from vapour) Promote freezing of supercooled droplets (contact nuclei) Freezing nuclei can cause freezing when immersed in a liquid drop They also promote condensation

Higher saturation vapour pressure Ice crystals grow at the expense of water droplets

The Bergeron Process Lower SVP Enough water vapour to prevent droplets from evaporating away

Graupel or snow pellets -supercooled droplets freeze on contact with ice crystals (riming or accretion) Snowflakes form through aggregation (ice crystals join, esp. if not too cold) As ice crystals fall…

Source: Desert Research Institute, Nevada, USA Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA

Rain Rainshowers Raindrop shape

Ice pellet formation

Freezing Rain

Rime ice (review)

Hail Formation

Hail Grows by accretion (freezing of supercooled liquid droplets) Must remain in cloud for 5-10 min

Aguado: Understanding Weather and Climate, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lake Effect Snow Formation Insert Fig 7-13

Seasonal Lake Effect Snow Averages

Doppler Radar Precipitation Estimates

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