Biology of Sex I.Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes II. Sex and the Fossil Record III. Evolution of Sex IV. Genetics of Sex V. Evolution of Sex Chromosomes VI. Sexual Selection VII. Mating Systems and Mate Choice

I. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes A. Domains Extremophiles 1. Domain Archaea

2. Domain Bacteria Ubiquitous

Prokaryote Reproduction Conjugation Binary Fission

3. Domain Eukarya Isogamy/ anisogamy accomplishments ? Meiosis Fertilization Sexual Reproduction

Benefits of Anisogamy parasite exclusion parasite exclusion organelle conflict avoidance organelle conflict avoidance

B. Horizontal Gene Transfer Time

II. Sex and the Fossil Record 3.5 BYA Cyanobacteria Stromatolites

II. Sex and the Fossil Record Eukaryotes Acritarchs 1.8 BYA Fossil embryos 580 MYA Aside: why is fossil record so poor as we go back in time? Grypania 2.1 BYA

Prokaryote to Eukaryote Endosymbiont theory Homology Microsporidia Archaea

III. Evolution of Sex A. Disadvantages of Sex 1. Finding a mate 2. STDs 3. Genome reduction

Two Fold Cost of Sex Parthenogenesis

A6 Patch A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A8 A10 A1 A6 1. Fitter offspring 2. Biparental care 3. Decreased sibling rivalry a. Sex as a lottery Sexual species Sexual species P: A1 X A10 F1: A1, A2, … A10 Asexual species? Asexual species? b. Tangled bank hypothesis B. Advantages of Sex

It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the conditions of life and from use and disuse: a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Darwin, C Origin of Species

4. Parasitism, Pathogenicity, and Sex Snail and worm studies Red Queen Hypothesis Red Queen Hypothesis

5. Chromosomal Information

IV. Genetics of Sex

A. Landscape of the Y Y genes Y genes 78 genes 78 genes SRY gene SRY gene anti-mullerian gene anti-mullerian gene sperm production genes sperm production genes 95% ‘junk’ 95% ‘junk’ inversion region inversion region crossing over crossing over housekeeping genes housekeeping genes gene expression gene expression

B. Landscape of the X Disease genes Disease genes Brain genes Brain genes Gay genes? Xq28 Gay genes? Xq28 1,098 genes 1,098 genes X inactivation X inactivation

Single Active X Single Active X

V. Evolution of Sex Chromosomes Rapid evolution of X-linked genes Rapid evolution of X-linked genes

IV. Sexual Selection A. Introduction 1. Darwin 2. Battle of the Sexes male competition male competition female choice female choice

3. Operational Sex Ratio (OSR) OSR = Sexually active males Sexually active females (estrous) OSR > 1 OSR < 1 OSR = 1 OSR ? Bonobos

Consequences of Investment Cassatt. Mother and Son.

egg sperm 1. Haploid set of chromosomes 1. Haploid set 2. X to males and females 2. X to females; Y to males3. Protection 4. Nourishment 5. Directions for early development 6. Mitochondria Mutations? Relative production? Contributions of egg and sperm Naturalistic fallacy

B. Types of Sexual Selection 1. Male Competition a. Male Weaponry b. Combat and Displays

c. Post- copulatory Male Competition

2. Female choice a. Sensory Exploitation Water mites Cassowary Hangingflies b. Direct Selection Red winged blackbird

c. Indirect Selection Good gene hypothesis Good gene hypothesis Sexy son hypothesis Sexy son hypothesis Leks Handicap principle Sage grouse Peacock

Bowerbirds

VII. Mating Systems Monogamy Monogamy Gibbons Polygamy Polygamy Polygyny Polygyny Polyandry Polyandry Jacana Gorillas

Promiscuity

Klimt. The Kiss Naturalistic Fallacy!!!!!

San Francisco Study: gay sex in the seventies

Absolute Power

Proposition Studies

Prostitution and Pornography Prostitutes. Picasso

“fairing the foul with art’s false borrow’d face”

Comparisons

Hidden Ovulation

Cross Cultural Study Who we get? Who we get?

Higgamus biggamus Men are polygamous Hoggamus bogamus Women monogamous William James Hypothesis? Naturalistic Fallacy!!!!!

Differences

The end Renoir. Boating Party