1 Announcements & Agenda (04/18/07) Extra Credit Assignment Due NOW! Exam Fri 04/20 (Ch 13,14,15) 3pm and 5 pm Today!!! 3pm and 5 pm Today!!! exam will not include pp exam will not include pp START at 10:30 am START at 10:30 amToday Cholesterol (15.6) Cholesterol (15.6) More steroids (15.6)… More steroids (15.6)… Cell membranes (15.7) Cell membranes (15.7)

2 Last Time: Formation of Fats & Oils (Triacylglycerols) glycerol + three fatty acids triacylglycerol + 3H 2 O +

3 The chemical reactions of triacylglycerols are similar to those of alkenes and esters. Hydrogenation of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids by H 2 (compare to alkenes).Hydrogenation of double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids by H 2 (compare to alkenes). Hydrolysis of ester bonds by water in the presence of an acid, a base, or an enzyme (compare to esters).Hydrolysis of ester bonds by water in the presence of an acid, a base, or an enzyme (compare to esters). Last Time: 15.4 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols

4 the most abundant lipids in cell membranes.the most abundant lipids in cell membranes. composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate, and an amino alcohol.composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, phosphate, and an amino alcohol. Glycerol PO 4 Amino alcohol Last Time: 15.5 Glycerophospholipids Fatty acid

5 Last Time: Steroid Nucleus Consists of: 3 cyclohexane rings. 3 cyclohexane rings. 1 cyclopentane ring. 1 cyclopentane ring. no fatty acids. no fatty acids. steroid nucleus

6 Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in the body. is the most abundant steroid in the body. has methyl CH 3 - groups, alkyl chain, and - OH attached to the steroid nucleus. has methyl CH 3 - groups, alkyl chain, and - OH attached to the steroid nucleus.

7 Cholesterol in the Body is obtained from meats, milk, and eggs.is obtained from meats, milk, and eggs. is synthesized in the liver.is synthesized in the liver. is needed for cell membranes, brain and nerve tissue, steroid hormones, and Vitamin D.is needed for cell membranes, brain and nerve tissue, steroid hormones, and Vitamin D. clogs arteries when high levels form plaque.clogs arteries when high levels form plaque. An artery clogged by cholesterol plaque A normal, open artery.

8 Cholesterol in Foods is considered elevated if plasma cholesterol exceeds 200 mg/dL. is considered elevated if plasma cholesterol exceeds 200 mg/dL. is synthesized in the liver and obtained from foods. is synthesized in the liver and obtained from foods.

9 Lipoproteins: LDL, HDL, Etc… combine lipids with proteins & phospholipids. combine lipids with proteins & phospholipids. are soluble in water because the surface consists of polar lipids. are soluble in water because the surface consists of polar lipids.

10 Types of Lipoproteins differ in density, composition, and function. differ in density, composition, and function. include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-density lipoprotein (HDLs). include low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and high-density lipoprotein (HDLs).

11 Transport of Lipoproteins in the Body

12 Steroid Hormones chemical messengers in cells.chemical messengers in cells. sex hormones.sex hormones. Androgens in males (testosterone) Estrogens in females (estradiol) Adrenocortical hormones from adrenal glands.Adrenocortical hormones from adrenal glands. -mineralocorticoids (electrolyte balance) -glucocorticoids regulate glucose level

13 Steroid Hormones are produced from cholesterol.are produced from cholesterol. include sex hormones such as androgens (testosterone) in males and estrogens (estradiol) in females.include sex hormones such as androgens (testosterone) in males and estrogens (estradiol) in females.

14 Adrenal Corticosteroids

15 Anabolic Steroids are derivatives of testosterone.are derivatives of testosterone. are used illegally to increase muscle mass.are used illegally to increase muscle mass. have side effects including fluid retention, hair growth, sleep disturbance, and liver damage.have side effects including fluid retention, hair growth, sleep disturbance, and liver damage.

16 Cell Membranes separate cellular contents from the external environment.separate cellular contents from the external environment. consist of a lipid bilayer made of two rows of phospholipids.consist of a lipid bilayer made of two rows of phospholipids. have an inner portion made of the nonpolar tails of phospholipids with the polar heads at the outer and inner surfaces.have an inner portion made of the nonpolar tails of phospholipids with the polar heads at the outer and inner surfaces.

17 Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes The lipid bilayer contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. has unsaturated fatty acids that make cell membranes fluid-like rather than rigid.has unsaturated fatty acids that make cell membranes fluid-like rather than rigid. has proteins and carbohydrates on the surface that communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters.has proteins and carbohydrates on the surface that communicate with hormones and neurotransmitters.

18 Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes

19 Transport Through Cell Membranes The transport of substances through cell membranes involves diffusion (passive transport), which moves particles from a higher to a lower concentration.diffusion (passive transport), which moves particles from a higher to a lower concentration. facilitated transport, which uses protein channels to increase the rate of diffusion.facilitated transport, which uses protein channels to increase the rate of diffusion. active transport, which moves ions against a concentration gradient.active transport, which moves ions against a concentration gradient.

20 Transport Pathways Through Cell Membranes