March R. McFadyen1 Software Metrics Software metrics help evaluate development and testing efforts needed, understandability, maintainability and reusability of software.

March R. McFadyen2 Metrics Fan-in/fan-out Lines of code Cyclomatic complexity* Comment percentage Length of identifiers Depth of conditional nesting Fog index Weighted methods per class Response for a class Lack of cohesion of methods Coupling between objects* Depth of inheritance tree Number of children Number of overriding operations TraditionalObject-Oriented * March 2003 see

March R. McFadyen3 Traditional Metrics Fan-in/fan-outFan-in is a measure of the number of functions that call some other function, say X Fan-out is a measure of the number of functions which are called by a function, say X. (See RFC) Cyclomatic complexity CC is a count of the number of test cases required to test comprehensively

March R. McFadyen4 Traditional Metrics Lines of Code LOC can be counted as lines (LOC) non-comment non-blank lines (NCNB) executable statements (EXEC) Note that NASA uses executable lines of code to evaluate size Comment percentage Calculated as the total number of comments divided by the {total lines of code less the number of blank lines}

March R. McFadyen5 Traditional Metrics Depth of conditional nesting Measure of the depth of nesting of IF statements in programs Fog indexMeasure of the average length of words and sentences in documents. The higher the value for the Fog index, the more difficult... Length of identifiers Measures average length of distinct identifiers

March R. McFadyen6 OO Metrics Weighted methods per class WMC is the number of methods included in a class weighted by the complexity of each method Response for a class RFC is a count of all methods that can be invoked in response to a message to an object of the class

March R. McFadyen7 OO Metrics Lack of cohesion of methods LOCM measures the dissimilarity of methods in a class. A highly cohesive module stands alone. Lack of cohesion increases complexity. Coupling between objects CBO is a count of the number of other classes to which a class is coupled. Measured by counting the number of distinct non-inheritance related class hierarchies on which a class depends

March R. McFadyen8 OO Metrics Depth of inheritance tree DIT is the maximum number of steps from the class node to the root of the tree Number of children NOC is the number of immediate subclasses subordinate to a class in the hierarchy Number of overriding operations Number of operations in a superclass that are overridden in a subclass

March R. McFadyen9 WMC Weighted methods per class WMC is the number of methods included in a class weighted by the complexity of each method How does one count this? a) simply count the number of methods, or, b) sum the complexities of the methods (complexity might be rated: 1 Simple, 2 Moderately complex, 3 Complex)

March R. McFadyen10 WMC Shows that most classes have less than 20 methods, … but some have over 200 methods.

March R. McFadyen11 RFC Response for a class RFC is a count of all methods that can be invoked in response to a message to an object of the class How does one count this? For a class, we count the number of distinct methods that can be invoked in response to a message, including all methods within the class hierarchy For a class, we count all messages that can be sent by all methods in the class

March R. McFadyen12 RFC In this case, about half the classes have an RFC <=20

March R. McFadyen13 LCOM Lack of cohesion of methods LOCM measures the dissimilarity of methods in a class. A highly cohesive module stands alone. Lack of cohesion increases complexity. How does one count this? We need a way of measuring cohesiveness (or not). First proposal: a) compute the average over all attributes in a class number of methods using the attribute total number of methods convert to a percentage and subtract from 100

March R. McFadyen14 LCOM Second proposal: b) for each method, create a set of the attributes it accesses. For each pair of methods, perform the intersection of attributes. If an intersection is not empty put the set in P; if it is empty put the set in Q. The measure is the difference in cardinalities of P and Q: LCOM = P - Qif P > Q otherwise LCOM = 0

March R. McFadyen15 LCOM

March R. McFadyen16 CBO Coupling between objects CBO is a count of the number of other classes to which a class is coupled. Measured by counting the number of distinct non-inheritance related class hierarchies on which a class depends How does one count this? count the number of distinct noninheritance-related class hierarchies on which a class depends

March R. McFadyen17 CBO A CBO value of zero corresponds to a class that is only coupled to others in its related inheritance hierarchy

March R. McFadyen18 DIT Depth of inheritance tree Most classes are at level 0 and 1 DIT is the maximum number of steps from the class node to the root of the tree

March R. McFadyen19 NOC Number of children NOC is the number of immediate subclasses subordinate to a class in the hierarchy How does one count this? the number of immediate subclasses subordinate to a class in the hierarchy

March R. McFadyen20 NOC One of these classes, at depth 3, has almost 40 children!

March R. McFadyen21 CC Cyclomatic complexity CC is a count of the number of test cases required to test comprehensively CC measures the amount of decision logic in a module. A value of 10 or less is the general recommendation. Formally, based on a program’s flowgraph, Cyclomatic complexity = number of edges – number of nodes + 2

March R. McFadyen22 CC Control flowgraphs describe the logic structure of software modules. A module corresponds to a single function or subroutine in typical languages, has a single entry and exit point, and is able to be used as a design component via a call/return mechanism. Each flowgraph consists of nodes and edges. nodes represent computational statements or expressions, edges represent transfer of control between nodes.

March R. McFadyen23 Flowgraph Construction - Sequence x=z y=7 y=10 Sequences are reducible to a single node: CC=?

March R. McFadyen24 Flowgraph Construction – If then if x>4 then x=z y=7 q=q*2 end if CC=

March R. McFadyen25 Flowgraph Construction – If Else if x>4 then x=z y=7 else y=10 end if CC=

March R. McFadyen26 Flowgraph Construction - While while x>0 do x=x/2 … end while CC=

March R. McFadyen27 Flowgraph Construction – Do Until Do … Read x Until x=0 CC=

March R. McFadyen28 Program FindMean (FILE ScoreFile) { float SumOfScores = 0.0; int NumberOfScores = 0; float Mean=0.0; float Score; Read(ScoreFile, Score); while (! EOF(ScoreFile) { if (Score > 0.0 ) { SumOfScores = SumOfScores + Score; NumberOfScores++; } Read(ScoreFile, Score); } /* Compute the mean and print the result */ if (NumberOfScores > 0) { Mean = SumOfScores / NumberOfScores; printf(“ The mean score is %f\n”, Mean); } else printf (“No scores found in file\n”); }

March R. McFadyen29 Flowgraph Cyclomatic complexity = CC = = 4 decision structures: one while one if then one if else

March R. McFadyen30 CC