Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Objective 2: Complex Societies Mesopotamia and the Indo-European Migrations

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Was Civilization a “curse” or “blessing”? What causes societies to rise and fall? “Success” or “failure” of civilizations— law of the “retarding lead” What is the role of race in history? What is the role of cultural diffusion?

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 World Population 3000 BCE – 500 BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The origins of agriculture and domestic animals. The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals took place independently in different parts of the world, but the Near East, Mesoamerica, southeast Asia, and China were among the first and most significant regions.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Complex Societies began in seven areas, independently, the earliest in River Valleys-- Tigris/Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Huang He (Yellow River), Niger, (Mexico and Andes Mountains)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Mesopotamia Egypt Indus China Mediterranean Central America Fossil Fuel Civ.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Cities were not large villages—What were the differences?  An Organizational Revolution New rulers, managers Priestly class Specialization of skill Occupations became formalized and exclusive Social hierarchy (vs. equality) Public Works Writing Subordination of farming villages to city

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Mesopotamian City-States Cultural continuum of “fertile crescent” Uruk Ur “Between the Rivers” Tigris and Euphrates

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 What were the advantages of cities? Security Variety Creativity Productivity

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 “Crossroads of Planet Earth” Scientific American By 2050, An Urban Planet Worldwide population will be 9.5 billion,  up from the current.6.5 billion. From 2007 on, urban people will outnumber rural people.  “In effect, the poor countries will have to build the equivalent of a city of more than one million people each week for the next 45 years.” The proportion of people living in developing countries versus developed ones will have increased.  “In 1950 the less developed regions had roughly twice the population of the more developed ones; by 2050, the ration will exceed 6 to 1.” The graying of the global population will not have proceeded uniformly.  “In 2050 nearly one person in three will be 60 years or older in the more developed regions, and one person in five in the less developed nations.”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Complex Societies (Civilization) Defined Urban-Cities Formalized Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization and trade Organized Religion-“Higher Culture” Patriarchy (Gender Relations) Writing Education, Literacy and Learning

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Origins and Spread of Agriculture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Wealth of the Rivers Nutrient-rich silt Key: irrigation  Necessity of coordinated efforts  Promoted development of local governments  City-states Sumer begins small-scale irrigation 6000 BCE By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks  Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE Attracts Semitic migrants, influences culture

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 The Ziggurat of Ur

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Sumerian City-States Cities appear 4000 BCE Dominate region from BCE  Ur (home of Abraham, see Genesis 11:28), Nineveh (see Jonah) Ziggurat home of the god Divine mandate to Kings Regulation of Trade Defence from nomadic marauders

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Political Decline of Sumer Semitic peoples from northern Mesopotamia overshadow Sumer  Sargon of Akkad ( BCE) Destroyed Sumerian city-states one by one, created empire based in Akkad Empire unable to maintain chronic rebellions Hammurabi of Babylon ( BCE)  Improved taxation, legislation  Used local governors to maintain control of city-states Babylonian Empire later destroyed by Hittites from Anatolia, c BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Law Code of Hammurabi The principal collection of laws in ancient Mesopotamia was the code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian ruler. Unearthed by French archaeologists in , this stele contained the code, which Hammurabi claimed rested on the authority of the gods. (Hirmer Verlag Munich) Law Code of Hammurabi Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 What values does your law reflect? Is your law similar to one followed in America today? Why or why not? Questions

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Legal System The Code of Hammurabi (18 th c. BCE)  282 items  lex talionis (item 196: “eye for an eye”)  Social status and punishment  women as property, but some rights

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Mesopotamian Empires BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Mesopotamian trade. The Sumerian trading network, revealed by the wide range of valuable and exotic materials used by Mesopotamian craftsmen, was both extensive and sophisticated, drawing on resources often well over 2000 miles distant. Egyptian tomb paintings show Semitic merchants with donkey caravans, while some of the earliest writing is found on Sumerian clay tablets recording commercial transactions.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Later Mesopotamian Empires Weakening of central rule an invitation to foreign invaders Assyrians use new iron weaponry  Beginning 1300 BCE, by 8 th -7 th centuries BCE control Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, most of Egypt Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (r ) takes advantage of internal dissent to create Chaldean (New Babylonian) Empire  Famously luxurious capital

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Ishtar Gates and Processional Way – Babylon (“Babil”) Berlin Statsmuseum

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Social Classes Ruling classes based often on military prowess  Originally elected, later hereditary  Perceived as offspring of gods Religious classes  Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety  Considerable landholdings, other economic activities Free commoners  Peasant cultivators  Some urban professionals Slaves  Prisoners of war, convicted criminals, debtors

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Patriarchal Society Men as landowners, relationship to status Patriarchy: “rule of the father”  Right to sell wives, children Double standard of sexual morality  Women drowned for adultery  Relaxed sexual mores for men Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women  Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity Introduction of the veil at least c BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Technological Development in Mesopotamia Bronze (copper with tin), c BCE  Military, agricultural applications Iron, c BCE  Cheaper than bronze Wheel, boats, c BCE Shipbuilding increases trade networks

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Cuneiform Writing on walls of Ishtar Gates, Babylon

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Development of Writing Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE Pictographs Cuneiform: “wedge-shaped”  Preservation of documents on clay  Declines from 400 BCE with spread of Greek alphabetic script

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Writing was invented in west Asia in the fourth millennium b.c.e. and developed from the need to keep a record of business transactions. From the wedge-shaped marks formed by a hollow-shaped reed, or stylus, cuneiform script evolved gradually. In this pictographic script, stylized drawings are used to represent words; each pictograph stands for a syllable, and abstract concepts are conveyed by using concrete notions that are close in meaning (e.g. “open mouth” for “eat”).

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Uses for Writing Trade Astronomy Mathematics  Agricultural applications Calculation of time  12-month year  24-hour day, 60-minute hour

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 Mesopotamian Literature Epic of Gilgamesh, compiled after 2000 BCE Heroic saga Search for meaning, esp. afterlife This-worldly emphasis

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 40 The Early Hebrews Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c BCE Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c BCE  Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David ( BCE) and Solomon ( BCE)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 41 Moses and Monotheism Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god  Denies existence of competing parallel deities  Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law  The Torah (“the teaching”)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 42 Foreign conquests of Israel Civil war  Northern tribes: Israel  Southern: Judah Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE  Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE  Additional exile of many residents of Judah  Returned later than century

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 43 Israel and Phoenicia, BCE

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 44 The Phoenicians City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE Extensive maritime trade  Dominated Mediterranean trade, BCE Development of alphabet symbols  Simpler alternative to cuneiform  Spread of literacy

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 45 The Indo-European Migrations

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 46 Indo-European Migrations Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European people  Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 47 Implications of Indo-European Migration Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c BCE, later dominate Babylonia Influence on trade  Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron  Iron  Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Influence on language and culture  Aryo, “noble, lord” Aryan, Iranian, Irish Caste system in India