BLACK HOLE Movie courtesy Wolfgang Steffen, University Guadalajara, Mexico

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY The scales of length and time are proportional to M BH R sh = 2GM BH /c 2 ;  T  M BH The maximum color temperature of the accretion disk is T col  M/ 10M  ) -1/4  MICROQUASARS HAD TO WAIT THE ERA OF HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS QUASAR MICROQUASAR BASED ON PHYSICS, NOT JUST ON MORPHOLOGY Mirabel & Rodriguez, Nature 1998

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs & AGN OBSERVED IN ~ 30 QSOs & AGN IN RADIO & OPTICAL WAVES PROPER MOTION SEEN IN YEARS V app UP TO 20c WHAT IS THE NATURE ? “PLASMONS” OR SHOCKS ?

A SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A  QSO AT THE TIME OF A SUDDEN DIP IN THE KeV FLUX 1 arcsec VLA V app = 1.3c DISTANCE = 12.5 Kpc  cm THE PLASMA THAT RADIATES IN THE HARD X-RAYS IS BLOWN IN SUPERLUMINAL JETS

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN THE GALAXY 1)MOVE ON THE PLANE OF THE SKY ~10 3 TIMES FASTER 2)JETS ARE TWO-SIDED WHICH ALLOWS TO SOLVE EQUATIONS 3)BETTER AGN AT <100 Mpc. e.g R sh in M87 (Biretta) WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOs Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994

GRS : EJECTION EVENTS VLA (Rodriguez & Mirabel, 1999) Fireballs (Mezaros & Rees) versus Cannonballs (Daar & De Rujula) Also with MERLIN (Fender et al. 01) Bulk  = (1 –     

RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION IN ANTISYMMETRIC TWIN JETS Relativistic upper limit: D < 14 kpc Same bulk Lorentz factors as in QSOs: 2-10

RELATIVISTIC METHOD FOR DISTANCES IN ASTRONOMY IF ANTISYMMETRIC, THE VELOCITY, DIRECTION OF THE JETS, & DISTANCE TO THE SOURCE CAN BE FOUND. BUT SPECTRAL LINES SO FAR DIFFICULT TO DETECT, EXCEPT SS 433 WHERE H, He, AND Fe LINES ARE FOUND IF THE JETS ARE DOMINATED BY ELECTRON-PROTON PLASMA: FROM PROPER MOTIONS FROM DOPPLER FACTOR OF ION LINES

LARGE-SCALE JETS (W50/SS433) CHANDRA : ARC-SEC TWO-SIDED JET OUTFLOW (Migliari & Fender) Material half a year downstream is reheated to T > 10 7 K and re-accelerated ASCA: HADRONIC JETS WITH V = 0.26c IN THE X-RAYS Small scale version of Cygnus A ? POTENTIAL SOURCES OF TeV NEUTRINOS (Waxman et al.; Guetta et al.) >10 16 eV protons interact with synchrotron photons  TeV neutrino emission  VLA  cm:  Dubner, Goss, Mirabel) ROSAT X-rays: (Brinkmann,Aschenbach, Kawai) 1 o = 60 pc

RECENT HIGHLIGHT FROM CHANDRA (Presented at the fourth Microquasar workshop in Corsega…next in China) MOVING X-RAY JETS IN THE  QSO XTE J (Corbel et al)  mas/day  V app = ( )c Possible deceleration Synchrotron spectrum

~20  QUASARS IN THE GALAXY (Mirabel & Rodriguez, ARAA 1999)

HORIZON IS THE BASIC CONCEPT THAT DEFINES A “BLACK HOLE” But because an horizon cannot be “seen” or “touch” it is not possible to “demonstrate” the existence of a black hole…however during simultaneous multiwavelength observations we found… A STRIKING ABSCENCE OF EVIDENCE FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE IN A COMPACT OBJECT THAT HAS MASS

à neutrons t combustion > t chute

ACCRETION – JET CONNECTION MATTER RADIATING IN X-RAYS GOES BEYOND THE HORIZON ? JETS APPEAR ~5 MIN AFTER DISAPPEARANCE OF THE INNER DISK  ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE FOR A MATERIAL SURFACE  T  M BH

QSO 3C 120 AS A SCALE-UP  QSO THE  JETS ALSO APPEAR SHORTLY AFTER SUDDEN X-RAY DIPS Marscher et al. Nature 2002 T QSO / T  QSO ~ 5x10 5 whereas M QSO / M  QSO ~ 5x10 6 But these differences are small compared with data uncertainties

ACCRETION AND EJECTION IN 3C 120 Marscher et al. Nature 2002