Available Alpine Resources for the Insectivorous Golden- crowned Kinglet Shelley Nagata -Winter Ecology, 2010 – Mountain Research Station, University of Colorado, Boulder EBIO 4100, Sec 570
Overview Research & background topics about the Golden-crowned Kinglet Investigate how Kinglet is able to survive through the cold weather Procedure and Methods that were executed in order to answer this question Results Drawing conclusions
Research Kinglets summer diet Little information on winter diet Difficulties faced among winter Bernd Heinrich and Ross Bell
Key Features of the Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) Identification Tips Important behavioral aspects
What are the Kinglets eating?? Discover the possible resources available in alpine ecosystems. Determine how well the resources are represented in the sampled area
Methods Field Tools - Beat sheet - Sledge hammer -Aspirator Communities 1 & 2 -10,100 ft -9,600 ft Community constants -20 Trees at each site -Spruce Forests Collect count data Bernd Heinrich and Ross Bell
Classifying - body shape -wings - legs
Segmented appendages
Results continued… Diversity Index s Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) = -Σ (p i )(lnp i ) i=1 p i proportion of individuals of species (i) in community Chi-squared test X 2 = Σ (Observed-Expected) 2 / Expected
Community Diversities Community 1: 10,100 ft H’= 0.21 More distributed environment Less Stable Community 2: 9,600 ft H’ = 0.24 Greater abundance compare the multiple dependent variables collected under different environments
Chi-squared Interpretation Level 0.01 indicated a significant difference between the proportions of insects found in community 1 and community 2. Distribution of observations differs among the two communities Communities structured differently in regards to the different orders found in the communities
Drawing Conclusions Freeze Avoidance -Cannot tolerate formation of ice in body tissues Free Tolerance -Tolerate formation of ice within tissues -Evolving Orders Winter foraging results in abundance Evolving affects on foraging specialization
References Bell, R. & Heinrich, B Winter Food of Small Insectivorous Bird, the Golden-Crowned Kinglet. Wilson Ornithological Society. The Wilson Bulletin 107(3): i7480id.html