Actor Characteristics in Governance Networks Christopher Koliba, 2010 University of Vermont

Social Sector Characteristics of Network Actors (Fig. 3.1; Koliba, Meek & Zia, 2010, p.71) Public NonprofitPrivate

Characteristics Unique to the Sector Private SectorPublic SectorNon-profit Sector Organizational Actors For-Profit firms, businesses, corporations National, state, regional, local level governments (including legislative, judicial and executive branches) Nonprofit organizations; non- governmental organizations (NGOs); informal community groups Individual actors Business managers; Owners; Consumers Public managers; Elected officials; Citizens; Judges Non-profit managers; Citizens; Clients Official goal Predominant Performance Standard(s) Profit Making and enforcing laws and regulations; Meeting public needs; Delivering public policy Fulfilling mission Overarching Goals Determined By Those “To Whom” Accountabilities are Rendered Board of directors; Shareholders/owners ; Business managers Elected officials; Citizens; Public managers Board of directors; Clientele/Interests Table 3.1: Characteristics of Social Sectors (Modified from Block, 2001) (Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010, p.72)

Types of the non-profit organizations: documents/exempt_orgs.html documents/exempt_orgs.html National Taxonomy of Exempt Organizations

Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010, p.76) Geographic Scale Social Sector Private SectorPublic SectorNon-Profit Sector International Multi-National Corporations United Nations; International Regulatory Entities International Non- Governmental Organizations National Corporations Federal Government (Leg.-Exec.-Jud.) National Non-Profit Organization State Corporations/ Businesses State Government (Leg.-Exec.-Jud.) State-wide Non-Profit Organizations Regional Regional BusinessesRegional Government Regional Non-Profit Organizations Local Local Businesses Local Government (Leg.-Exec.-Jud.) Local Non-Profit Organizations; Community groups Table 3.2 Range of Governance Network Actors (United States Context) by Scale and Sector

Figure 3.2 The Nested Complexity of Social Networks Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010, p.78) Inter-Organizational Network Organization Group Individual

When does an individual “represent” the interests of a group or organization? Inter-Organizational Network Organization Group Individual Inter-Organizational Network Organization Group Individual

Communities of practice: Meso levels Figure 3.3 Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010, p.78)

Koliba, Meek and Zia, 2010 p.76) Type of Capital Resource DefinitionExamples of Stock of ResourcesTangibility Financial Any liquid medium or mechanism that represents wealth, or other styles of capital. It is, however, usually purchasing power in the form of money available for the production or purchasing of goods.wealthcapital Cash; Securities; Loans Tangible Natural “Stocks or funds provided by nature (biotic or abiotic) that yield a valuable flow into the future of either natural resources or natural services” (Daley and Farley, 2004, p.437). Watersheds; Farm land; Air; Wildlife; Recreation areas Tangible; Intangible Physical “Productive, tangible assets such as production sites, machines, infrastructure and buildings” (Sorensen and Svendsen, 2007, p.455) Buildings; Office space; Equipment; Property Tangible Human “The present discounted value of the additional productivity, over and above the product of unskilled labor, of people with skills and qualifications.” (Rosen, 2008). Skills; Individual expertise; Labor May be Tangible or Intangible Social Egocentric: Prestige or high status in a stratified social structure as a result of association, identification, alliance with or appropriation by others. Prestige or high status in a stratified social structure as a result of association, identification, alliance with or appropriation by others (Ogbu, 1987; Swartz, 1990). Sociocentric: The accumulated trust, reciprocity and durability built up between two or more actors that allows for the development of human (Coleman,1986; 1988), knowledge (Lesser and Prusak, 2000) and political capital (Putnam, 2000). Social ties forged through bonded, bridging and linking ties; Common norms forged as a result of social ties: trust & durability Mostly Intangible Political Representational: Political power built on the premise of representation, representing the others interests. Reputational: Political power based on one’s reputation (Lopez, 2002). Favors; Persuasive powers Intangible Cultural The social norms and traditions, evidenced in verbal facility, information about social institutions and requirements for advancement in social class (Bourdieu, 1986); Rituals, mythic lore, symbolic experiences (Swidler, 1986); skills, habits, styles adopted by a social group (Farkas, 1996, 2003). Cultural values; Habits; Customs; Rituals; Artistic tradition Intangible Intellectual/ Knowledge “Intellectual material—knowledge, information, intellectual property…” (Stewart, 1997, p.7). Information; Knowledge Mostly Intangible Table 3.3: Capital Resources Possessed and Exchanged by Network Actors

Actor roles: Centrality of actors Actor “framing” -- see Koontz et al., 2004, p. 150 Government roles: – As follower – As encourager – As leader

So what does any of this have to do with these actors involvement with a governance network? How do these characteristics impact: – Their reasons for participating within the network? Or not participating? – Their actions once they enter the network? Such as withholding information? – The structure of the network?