Speciation I.Microevolution and macroevolution II.Patterns of descent III.Species concepts A.Biological species B.Ecological species C.Morphological species D.Phylogenetic species IV.Barriers that lead to speciation A.Prezygotic B.Postzygotic V.Modes of speciation A.Allopatric speciation B.Sympatric speciation

II. Patterns of descent A. Anagenesis B. Cladogenesis

III. Species concepts A. Biological species C. Morphological species ‘Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from each other.’ Mayr B. Ecological species niche Reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIMs)

D. Phylogenetic species Molecular clocks A species consists of a population or group of populations that share a common evolutionary fate through time. Fossil record

DNA - DNA hybridization 98.7% 99.2%

promiscuous ecotypes fossil record III. Species concepts Problems with definitions asexual species Link convergent evolution

IV. Barriers that lead to speciation A. Prezygotic barriers 1. Habitat isolation 2. Behavioral isolation sexual selection Sage grouseSongbirds

3. Temporal isolation 4. Anatomical isolation 5. Gametic isolation diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular A. Prezygotic barriers

B. Postzygotic barriers wheatrye tritical e mules Hybrid problems

V. Modes of speciation

A. Allopatric speciation Bird species

A. Allopatric speciation Founder effect Fruit flies

Darwin’s finches Beak of the finch

B. Sympatric speciation Polyploidy in plants autopolyploid 2N X 1N

allopolyploidy Goatsbeard

VI. Punctuated equilibrium Allopatric model tempo of PE

Feathers and bones VII. Evolutionary novelties Exaptations

Evo-devo Genes HOX genes Gene regulation

The end