Evolving Digital Libraries to Support Geographically Distributed Scientific Research Rick Luce Research Library Director Library Without Walls Project Leader Los Alamos National Laboratory Symposium on Knowledge Environments for Science NSF, October 22, 2002

Standards & Interoperable Frameworks Enabling Technologies & Infrastructure Content: Access Retrieval Financial Models Funding Content licensing User Behavior User needs Collaboration Scholarly communication changes Adoption curves Some Puzzle Pieces for Digital Libraries

Delivery of Content & Services Libraries replicating one another Requires integrated framework Lack of interoperability Tough work Trend Publisher pricing flip for e-content Old model of libraries facing decline or aggregation DL Models: Delivery

Content Capture Ingest repositories Easy entry in network environment Digitization of old stuff E-collections distributed but archiving is unknown Largely publisher controlled today New players emerging Low barrier entry Trend DL Models: Capture

eprint systems Eprint Systems:  xxx or arXiv e-print archive Physics: 1991 Ginsparg, LANL  RePEc - (Economics - Surrey U - Krichel)  NCSTRL - (Computer Science - Cornell U - Lagoze)  NDLTD - (Theses - Virginia Tech - Fox)  CogPrints - (Cognitive Sciences - Southampton - Harnad) Harvesters  ARC & ARCHON - Computer Science Dep’t, ODU  SCIRUS – Elsevier  even at the individual level … Kepler - ODU Capture Systems

Content Capture NSF- NSDL DLESE Share usage logs between nodes Share citations & digital archives New collaboration opportunities Normalization Authentication – Shibboleth DRM Delivery of Content & Services OAI protocols Standards Digital Library Hybrid

l Stanford Univ l Pacific Northwest Nat’l Lab l Edwards AFB l Univ Nevada l Idaho Nat’l Eng. & Enviro Lab l 4 New Mexico Universities l Sandia National Labs l Air Force Research Lab l Nat’l Renewable Energy Lab l Santa Fe Institute l Albany Research Cntr. l Brooks AFB l Brookhaven Nat’l Lab l Eglin AFB l Enviro Measurem’t Lab l DOE HQ Energy library l Fed. Technology Center l Griffith AFB l Oak Ridge Nat’l Lab l Savanah River Co. l Tyndall AFB l Hanscomb AFB l Wright Patterson AFB l Montana State Univ 29 Institutional Customers in the U.S.

l Sandia National Labs Who has access to 80%+ of e-content

~8M full text articles Copyright restrictions Copyright restrictions ~60M metadata records Large fraction of scholarly content has significant access restrictions & cost barriers

Challenges FALLOUT: WITH PUBSCIENCE GONE, SIIA SEEKS OTHER CLOSURES -- With PubSCIENCE now history, the trade association that lobbied for its dismantling is reportedly set to focus its energies on other freely accessible government information resources. According to FEDERAL COMPUTER WEEK, Software and Information Industry Association (SIIA) public policy director David Le Duc said the group was "looking into a couple of other databases and agencies," in particular one "law-related" and one that "has to do with agriculture." After more than a year of intense lobbying by the SIIA, a major trade association for the software and digital content industry, the federal government discontinued PubSCIENCE in early November …They argue, that it is unfair for taxpayer dollars to fund databases that compete with commercial products. Library Journal Academic News Wire: November 19, 2002

Repository Models Distributed – MIT individual faculty upload and manage their own scholarly output Semi-distributed – UC eScholarship assigns management responsibility to organizational units (research units, departments) that then assist faculty with uploading their papers. Semi-centralized - CalTech repository sites are set up for any university unit, but the library uploads the papers on the faculty's behalf. Its digital collections range from computer science technical reports to theses and dissertations. Institutional Repositories: Roy Tennant, 9/15/02

So far: harvesting of descriptive metadata... but coming, harvesting of:  references  usage logs  certification metadata  metadata rights  citation mapping  co-citation visualization  personalization OAI’s role OAI’s Role

OpenURL Information resources allow open linking by including a hook along with each metadata description... which presents itself as an actionable OpenURL

Create Shared User Group in MyLibrary

1.Knowledge contexts categorized –Keywords & keyword semantic proximity –Citations and citation proximity –Semantic proximity –Traversal proximity 2.Recommendation(s) calculated 3.Traversal proximity analyzed 4.Adaptation in system Users + Profiles = learning community Adaptation of Structure and Semantics –- Using Collective Behavior of Users LANL Active Recommendation System

Finding the Balance Point Community specific toolsEncourage/support trans- disciplinary research Small teamsDeployable across Lab or multiple institutions New technologies, new toolsLegacy data & systems Knowledge is represented by articles, books, etc. Knowledge characterized by relationships among objects, documents & resources Hub/spoke model for DL’s: balance resources and focused efforts Known path, existing infrastructure (people, buildings) institutional pride

is nonalgorithmic (path cannot be fully specified in advance) tends to be complex (total path not visible from one vantage point) often yields multiple solutions (each with costs/benefits rather than unique solutions) involves nuanced judgment and interpretation involves the application of multiple criteria (which sometimes conflict with one another) often involves uncertainty (not everything bearing on the task is known) involves self-regulation of the thinking process (someone else does not ‘call the plays’ at every step) involves imposing meaning, finding structure in apparent disorder is effortful. (considerable mental work involved in the kinds of elaborations and judgments required) *Resnick (’87) Higher Order Thinking* …

Visualization Scientific visualization – use of interactive visual representation of scientific data, typically physically based to amplify cognition Information visualization – use of interactive visual representations of abstract, nonphysically based data to amplify cognition

Successes  Culture of measurement – long term focus on user driven requirements and corresponding satisfaction levels  Open Archives Initiative – small, quick, right players  Eprint arXiv – communities of common interest, timeliness, passionate people, didn’t take a lot of $$  OpenURL – small, quick, right players, passionate people, (standards efforts too long)  MyLibrary – personalized, adhoc collaboration ? Recommendation systems with shared knowledge models – uses available logs, complex, privacy concerns

Challenges  IP, copyright limitations  Post 9/11 pressure to close government access  Integrating formal and informal systems – need new mechanisms for peer review and rewards  Archiving – not glamorous but a research problem  Problem space is larger than NSF domain – –Requires cross organizational collaboration (DOE, NIH, etc.) and international connections