Xeroderma Pigmentosum Nov 21st 2005 Diana Mok Kaitlin Myers Thao Nguyen T. Nguyen

Introduction First described in 1874 by Hebra and Kaposi 1882: the term XP is first used Rare disorder transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner Characterized by photosensitivity, pigmentary changes, premature skin aging, and malignant tumor development.

Incidence: + the US: 1 in 250,000 (XPC most common) + Europe: 1 in 250,000 (XPC most common) + Japan: 1 in 40,000 (XPA most common) Cases reported in all races Sex: equal incidence Age: Usually detected at 1 or 2 years

Symptoms Unusually severe sunburn after a short sun exposure Freckles at early age Continued sun exposure leads to changes: irregular dark spots, thin skin, excessive dryness, rough-surfaced growths, skin cancer

Normally begins during infancy and almost always before 20 years of age Eyes: sensitive to the sun, easily irritated, bloodshot and clouded; noncanerous or cancerous growths on the eyes may occur Skin cancer: first skin cancer may develop before the person is 10, many other skin cancers may continue to form; often on the face and sun-exposed parts of the body.

20% XP patients may suffer from nerve- related problems: deafness, poor coordination, spastic muscles, or developmental delay Some may be very short and may not develop normal sexual characteristics Neurological problems: worsen over time if present

Diagnosis Measuring the DNA repair factor from skin or blood samples Cellular hypersensitivity to UV radiation and chromosomal breakage studies Complementation studies Gene sequencing Antenatal diagnosis: amniocentesis, chorionic villi sampling

What Causes XP? Defect in nucleotide excision repair (NER) 2 types of NER: ~Global Genome (GG-NER) ~Transcription coupled (TC-NER) Defected, unable to repair DNA damaged by UV radiation

Where Does XP Occur? 7 repair genes: ~XPA-9q22.3 ~XPB-2q21 ~XPC-3p25 ~XPD-19q13.2-q13.3 ~XPE-11p12-p11 ~XPF-16p13.3-p13.2 ~XPG-13q33 All play key roles in GG-NER &TC-NER

Normal DNA Repair Process When DNA is damaged, both NERs have a damage sensing phase. Detection in GG-NER is done by the product of the XPC gene. XPA gene product can also detect DNA damage.

After detection, open complex formed. XPG gene required. Products of XPB & XPD part of 9-subunit protein complex (TFIIH) needed for complex formation as well. Damaged DNA removed.

XPG & XPF gene encode endonucleases. XPF gene product also functions as an endonuclease. Gap filled with new DNA by action polymerase.

How Bad is It? Replication error not in NER but after the post replication repair. XPA-XPG corresponds to defects in gene process. XPA-common XPE-rare Disease Severity: XPF-mild XPG-severe

UV-B radiation causes immunosuppressive effects that may be pathogenesis of XP. XP patient’s skin have depletion of Langerhans cells due to UV radiation. Defects in cell-mediated immunity reported in XP: ~impaired response to recall antigens ~decreased circulatory T-helper cells to supressor cells ratio ~reduced natural killer cell activity

Treatments Sunscreens and other sun avoidance methods (protective clothing, hats, eyewear) Oral retinoids => dose-related irreversible calcification of ligaments and tendons Chemical therapy

Repair DNA damage after UV exposure by delivery of a DNA repair enzyme into the skin by means of specially engineered liposomes (under studies) Complete excision of malignancies Ophthalmologic and neurologic consultations recommended

Personal Account Fatima Originally from the Dominican Republic Diagnosed with light- sensitivity as child Doctors/family unsure how to treat her Forty radiation treatments Now an active member of the XP society “I’m very grateful to God that I’m still alive.”

Polly Never liked the outdoors as a child Fell ill in sunlight Parents signed her up for several outdoor sports to shake her out of it As adult found the XP website, sent in a letter Now learning how to protect herself, balance her time, and enjoy her life. “ I can’t find any doctor in this area (West Virginia) who has any concept of what it means to have a light sensitivity disorder.”

Shelley Shelley is ten years old Member of the group Children of the Moon Has created her own website Has house and car with UV- protected windows Goes to school with UV protected windows Likes the Backstreet Boys, her dog, and Nintendo

The XP Society and Camp Sundown Devoted to education awareness, information exchange, and promoting medical research Camp Sundown is for all ages, and provides a place for those affected to form relationships with others with XP

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