CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 1 System Functional Requirements  Children’s toy…comes with PC software. Child plays notes on the screen and the device makes corresponding tones. It can generate 3 tones simultaneously (A chord)  Child can save a song to be played at any time. The song is stored on the PC and “streamed” out to the device to be played.  The beginning of a command always has the MSB = 1  If bit 6 of the first byte = 1 then there are two more bytes for a total of 24 bits.  TNE: 7 bits indicating the number of time units until the next event  F1: 5 bits, indicating frequency of channel 1 (0 means off)  F2: 5 bits, indicating frequency of channel 2 (0 means off)  F3: 5 bits, indicating frequency of channel 3 (0 means off)  If bit 6 is a 0 then it is a 1 byte command indicating tempo:  TEMPO : 6 bits, indicates the number of samples/time unit. It is a linear scale with the fastest tempo equal to 1/16 of a second  Note: the frequency number selects from a set of notes. 5 bits gives 32 notes. With sharps and flats (12 notes?) that is a bit less than a 3 octave range.

CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 2 MIDI (Musak) Synthesizer  Digital to Analog Converter 8051 DAC 8 AMP (V to I) Voltage signal Speaker cares about current, not voltage What is algorithm to superimpose 1KHz tone with 500Hz tone With a sampling rate of 10KHz SW?

CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 3 Digital-to-Analog Converter 8051DAC port0 data \write gnd out1 AMP input Vref Memory Mapped device

CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 4 Summation of tones gives a composite tone  Add waveforms to get multiple tones Note that lower frequency is smoother for a given sample rate

CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 5 Synthesizer Algorithm – Constant Sample Rate  Let sin[] be a look up table with 256 entries (1 complete cycle)  Every.1ms (10KHz)  Output = (sin[t1] + sin[t2] + sin[t3])/3  three superimposed tones (a chord!)  t1 += stride1, t2 += stride2, t3 += stride3  f1 = (10Ksamples/sec * stride1/256 cycles/sample) = f cycles/sec  If stride = 1 then frequency = 10KHz/256 =  If stride = 25.6 then frequency = 1KHz is this hard? how do we implement this?  If stride = 256/20 then frequency = 500Hz  At 8-bit resolution we can vary output from 0 to 255. Hi frequencies are smoother  Can generate arbitrary waveforms (not just tone summations) but that is harder. This is what those ‘bad’ synthesizers do. The good ones take a sample of the real instrument and modify it for pitch, etc

CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 6 Frequency range w/ fixed sample rate  What is the max Stride for our lookup table?  Does 128 give us a 5KHz signal?  Let Stride = 1 and Sample Rate = 10KHz  output frequency = 10KHz/256 = Hz  Solve for stride given desired frequency  stride = (freq*256)/sample rate  Middle C = 262Hz, so stride = can we just round this off?  D = 294, so stride =  What happens for low frequencies  Low F: 87.31Hz  stride =  Low E: 82.42Hz  stride =  what do we do with non-integral strides?

CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 7 Decomposition  I suggest the following logical decomposition of work::  Serial Thread  Accepts encoded music commands from the serial port  Implements the byte-for-byte protocol  Music Thread  Generates up to three tones using a fixed sample rate  Keeps track of passage of time  Controls tempo of the music and controls tone generation according to incoming commands.

CSE466 Autumn ‘00- 8 Things to consider  Would the streaming system work in manual play mode? What commands would you send, and when? Are any modifications (e.g. new commands), needed to support manual play mode?  What are the top and bottom half decompositions?  Where is inter-task communication necessary? How would you do it?  Where are the critical sections in you system?  What are the deadlines in the system?  Are there any schedulability concerns? (assume a 32MHz 8051) What is the worst case scenario? Do you have enough information? What else would you need to know?  What would a Linux device driver look like for this device, assuming that you can get interrupts for completed serial transmissions like in the 8051? What would the user program have to do? What would the device driver take care of?  The exam questions will be much more specific, quantified questions pertaining to these general questions