MatLab – Palm Chapter 4, Part 3 For and While Loops Class 11.1 Palm Ch 4.5 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

RAT 11.1 As in INDIVIDUAL you have 2 minutes to answer the following question. What is the FINAL value assigned to y in the following segment of MATLAB code? x = 0; while x < 5 y = sqrt(x); x = x + 1; end When asked, you have 30-seconds to submit your paper. Answer: y = 2 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

Learning Objectives Students should be able to: Understand Matlab iteration structures: for … end Loops while … end Loops Identify Implied loops Recognize these structures as repetition (or iteration) structures. Develop flow (logic) diagrams for combinations of branching and looping structures 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

LOOPS A LOOP is a structure for repeating (iterating) a block of code. MATLAB uses two types of loops. for loop: number of passes known a priori (p. 210). while loop: loop terminates when a specified condition is satisfied (p. 221). 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

for LOOPS SYNTAX: for k = start:step:stop block end start = initial value step = incremental value stop = terminating value See p. 212 for flowchart of for loop. Indentation Mandatory! 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

for LOOP FLOW CHART Loop structure 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

EXAMPLE for k = 5:10:35 x = k^2 end 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

for … end Loops (p. 211) for k = 5:10:35 x = k^2 end Means: starting with k = 5, execute the statements between for … end; then increment k by 10 and execute the statements with k = 15; etc. until k > 35. Then exit the loop (k=? at this point) 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

for … end Loops cont’d. Step value may be negative (default is positive 1) For step > 0, loop does not execute if start > stop For step < 0, loop does not execute if start < stop If start = stop, loop executes once Non-integer step values give unpredictable results (don’t use them!) 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

INDIVIDUAL EXERCISE (5 min.) Evaluate xn = sin (np/10) for n between 1 and 10 (in increments of 1). Write a Matlab PROGRAM. (Plot x versus n) Save file on R:\ and name file after an historical figure. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

SOLUTION for n = 1:10 x(n) = sin(n*pi/10); end plot(1:10,x) % or title(‘In-class… example’) xlabel(‘n’) ylabel(‘x(n)’) 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

for Loops for loops can be nested (one inside each other). Each loop is closed with an end. EXAMPLE: Proper indention is a MUST!! N = 10; for I = 1:N for J = 1:N A(I,J) = 1/(I + J – 1); end Why is I OK and i not OK? 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

for Loops for loops can be nested (one inside each other). Each loop is closed with an end. EXAMPLE: Proper indention is a MUST!! N = 10; for r = 1:N for c = 1:N A(r,c) = 1/(r + c – 1); end Using r (for row) and c (for col) is MUCH better!!! 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

In-class Assignment 11.1 (20 min.) Work through the nested loop and if example on page 212. Write an program file to solve T4.5-1 (p. 213) Save your solutions on the R:\ drive Name your files after an animal. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

Solution % PROGRAM example1.m % % Solution to T4.5-1 on p. 213 of the Palm % Matlab book. % S. Socolofsky % ENGR 111A: 501-503 for r = 1:4 for c = 1:3 A(r,c) = 4 + (r-1)*6 + (c-1)*4; end 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

The “break” Statement You can EXIT out of any looping structure with a “break” (Both for… and while…) y=0; x=[1 -2 3 -4 5]; for k = 1:length(x); if x(k) < 0 break end y = y + sqrt(x(k)); % -- Jump to here on break 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

The “continue” Statement You can skip “bad values” in any looping structure with a “continue” y=0; x=[1 -2 3 -4 5]; for k = 1:length(x); if x(k) < 0 continue end y = y + sqrt(x(k)); end % Jump to here on continue 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

Implied Loops (p. 216) You can use built-in loops instead of for … end loops in most cases. Sometimes it is better, sometimes not. Note the matrix example with simple logic Note the for … end example with more complex logic Note the find function example for a very normal situation that you once upon a time had to write code for every time. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

Implied Loops (cont.) Many MatLab commands contain implied loops. Example: x = [0:5:100]; y = cos(x); y = find(x>0); See p. 216 for equivalent loops for these. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

while LOOPS The while loop terminates because a specified condition is satisfied. The number of passes is NOT known a priori SYNTAX: while logical expression statements end See p. 223 for flowchart of while loop. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

while LOOP FLOW CHART Loop structure 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

while … end Loops Look at the examples on page 221. x = 5; while x < 25 disp(x) x = 2*x-1 %-make sure x changes end Means: starting with x = 5, execute the statements between the while … end; this displays x and calculates a new value of x and loops back. Then exit the loop when x exceeds or equals 25. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

while … end Loops (p.222) THE LOOP VARIABLE MUST HAVE A VALUE BEFORE THE while STATEMENT IS EXECUTED THE LOOP VARIABLE MUST BE CHANGED SOMEHOW BY THE STATEMENTS Note the usual mistakes toward the bottom of the page. Make sure that you save your code before testing any while … end loop. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

INDIVUDAL EXERCISE (5 min.) Write an equivalent while loop for the implied loop shown: x = [0:5:100]; y = sin(x); disp (y) Save on the R:\ drive Name file after a city outside of Texas 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

SOLUTION x = 0; while x <= 100 y = sin(x); x = x+5; disp(y) end 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

NESTED while LOOPS while loops can also be nested. Each loop must be closed with an end. break statements may be used to jump out of loops. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

EXAMPLE r = 1; N = 10; while r <= N c = 1; while c <= N A(r,c) = 1/(r + c -1); c = c + 1; end r = r + 1; end %- note use of r,c instead of i,j. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004

Assignment 11.1 Individual assignment. Due: Nov 15, 2004 Palm MATLAB; Chapter 4: #22 (use for-loop in part b), 28 (use a while-loop), T4.5-4 (p. 225) Extra Problem (see assignments web page)! Extra Credit (see assignments web page)!! Read Palm section 4.7. 4/5/2004 ENGR 111A - Spring 2004