חלקיק טעון בשדה אלקטרומגנטי

1D electric field Constant electric field Potential electric field

Constant magnetic field NR

Constant perpendicular fields Change frame

Drifts (NR)

Gradient drift

Curvature drift

Drift currents: gg rgrg At y=0, for any given particle we have: where : is the Assume to lowest order f is independent of  g, and dependent just on y.

is the phase space density of particles whos gyro center is y gc and gyro phase is  g. Assume to lowest order f is independent of  g, and dependent just on y. Note that the drift current does not depend on the particle’s charge, just on their mass.

Adiabatic invariants 1

Adiabatic invariants 1I

Adiabatic invariants III

First invariant

Magnetic bottle and loss cone

Second invariant Fermi acceleration

Third invariant drift shell orbits

nonadiabatic examples 1. shock transition 2. inhomogeneous E

Coulomb collisions

תדירות ההתנגשויות

runaway

1. Charged particle in a planar electromagnetic wave (relativistic) a) linear polarization b) circular polarization 2. Van Allen belt currents 3. Curvature drift in pulsars 4. Gyroradii of cosmic rays near Earth