An Introduction to Ocean Renewable Energies Presented by S. Aboozar Tabatabai Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences November 2010 بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم Physical Oceanography Class Presentation

Introduction Federal Agency for Science and Innovation, 2008, Moscow, Russia U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2010 Energy… Present and Future 2

U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2010 Oil Price: light, sweet crude 2008 ($/barrel) World primary energy consumption (quadrillion Btu) 3

Are we behind?! 2009 Annual Report, Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (OES-IA) Member countries in Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement 4

International Energy Agency, RENEWABLE ENERGY, Market & Policy Trends in IEA Countries,

International Energy Agency, Policy Report, 2006 Silver Medal?... Is that the best we got?! 6

Good News ! Ocean renewable energies have begun to capture the attention of US lawmakers… More investments Some more courses and programs in universities… tax credits... Way to go! 7

Why Ocean? The ocean is the world's largest solar collector and can provide huge amount of energy (kinetic and thermal) which is absolutely clean (zero CO2 emission), sustainable, strategic, and predictable. Changes in salinity, thermal gradients, tidal sea level change and currents, or ocean waves can be used to generate electricity. The number of ocean energy technology concepts has increased to +100 known devices. Available global Ocean Energy resource is in the same order of magnitude of the present electricity production worldwide (even more!). 8

Table compiled from International Energy Agency, Policy Report,

(Conventional) Tidal Energy Technologies for harnessing energy from tides by building barrage across estuary are well developed, but this type of conversion process could have significant impact on local ecosystem. 10

World’s largest tidal power plant in the Rance estuary near St Malo, France Peak rating of 240 Megawatts, generated by 24 turbines 11

Sihwa will be the world’s largest tidal power plant. It will be the world’s largest tidal power plant with a total power of 260 MW and an annual power generation of 543 GWh. Sihwa, South Korea Under Construction 12

Tidal Current Energy Significant number of technologies for harnessing energy from tidal current are being developed worldwide. Some of them are at or near full-scale development and undergoing sea trials. SeaGen 13

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Rotech Tidal Turbine (RTT) 15

OpenHydro 16

Wave Energy OWC 17

Other wave Devices 18

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CETO 20

Salinity Gradient Energy The world's first osmotic plant with capacity of 4 kW was opened by Statkraft on 24 November 2009 in Tofte, Norway 21

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) The world's only Open Cycle OTEC facility at Keahole Point on the Kona coast of Hawaii (United States Department of Energy) 22

Open-cycle OTEC 23

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Thank you for your attention. 26