Chapter 16 Central Asia 7 th Grade Social Studies

Comparing

Section 1: Physical Geography  Pamirs  Tian Shan  Aral Sea  Kara-Kum  Kyzyl Kum  Syr Dar'ya  Amu Dar'ya  Fergana Valley  Caspian Sea X Caspian Sea

- Russia - Caspian Sea - China - Iran - Afghanistan - Pakistan - India

Section 1 Physical Geography A.Landforms 1. Huge region is landlocked, it does not border an ocean 1. Huge region is landlocked, it does not border an ocean 2. The area has diverse landforms; plains, plateaus and mountains. 2. The area has diverse landforms; plains, plateaus and mountains. 3. A large area around the Caspian Sea is 95 feet below sea level. 3. A large area around the Caspian Sea is 95 feet below sea level.

B. Climate 1. Central Asia has steppe, desert and highland climates. 1. Central Asia has steppe, desert and highland climates. 2. Generally arid – little rainfall. 2. Generally arid – little rainfall. 3. Irrigation is necessary for much of the farming. 3. Irrigation is necessary for much of the farming. 4. North of the Aral Sea, rain falls more often. 4. North of the Aral Sea, rain falls more often. 5. South of the Aral Sea lies two deserts: 5. South of the Aral Sea lies two deserts: - Kara Kum - Kara Kum - Kyzyl Kum - Kyzyl Kum 6. Some oasis settlements exist in the deserts 6. Some oasis settlements exist in the deserts

C. Resources 1. The SyrDar’ya and Amu Dar’ya rivers are the main water sources in southern Central Asia. 1. The SyrDar’ya and Amu Dar’ya rivers are the main water sources in southern Central Asia. 2. These rivers pass through the Fergana Valley. 2. These rivers pass through the Fergana Valley. 3. This area grows a lot of cotton which takes a lot of water. 3. This area grows a lot of cotton which takes a lot of water. 4. The Aral Sea is dying due to lack of water from these two rivers. 4. The Aral Sea is dying due to lack of water from these two rivers. 5. Human activity has used up the water. 5. Human activity has used up the water.

Resources continued… 6. This area has huge supplies of fossil fuels: - natural gas - natural gas - oil - oil 7. Some of the countries have: - gold - gold - copper - copper - uranium - uranium - zinc - zinc - lead - lead

SECTION 1 Physical Geography Landforms Climates Resources mountains—the Pamirs, and Tian Shan; plains; low plateaus deserts—Kara-Kum and Kyzyl Kum steppe, dessert, and highland water—Syr Dar’ya and Amu Dar’ya; the Fergana Valley; oil, gas, gold, copper, uranium, zinc, lead, and coal THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL ASIA

Sec 2: History and Culture

A.Trade 1. For centuries, Central Asians made their living by raising horses, cattle and goats. 1. For centuries, Central Asians made their living by raising horses, cattle and goats. 2. Many were nomads, they moved from place to place, trading goods. 2. Many were nomads, they moved from place to place, trading goods. 3. Some farmed around rivers and oasis. 3. Some farmed around rivers and oasis.

4. Caravans used to move through Central Asia – connecting China to Europe. 5. When sailing routes to China were discovered, trade declined, the people became poor.

B. Invasions and the Soviet Era A.D., Turkish speaking nomads from the north invaded A.D., Turkish speaking nomads from the north invaded A.D., Arab armies took over A.D., Arab armies took over ’s, Mongol leaders conquered Central Asia ’s, Mongol leaders conquered Central Asia

’s Russian Empire conquered 5. The Soviet government broke up the area into five republics. - the natives were put on collective farms - the natives were put on collective farms - only Russian was to be spoken - only Russian was to be spoken - religion was discouraged - religion was discouraged

C. Central Asia Today 1.When the USSR broke up, the five republics became independent countries. 2.They still have strong economic ties to Russia. 3.They are changing from the Cryllic alphabet to the Latin alphabet

D. Government 1.The new nations claim to be democracies. 2.They are ruled by strong central govts. that limit opportunity and criticism. E.Economy 1.These areas have vast oil and gas reserves. 2.Farming is important. 3.Industries include: - food processing - food processing - wool textiles - wool textiles - mining - mining - heavy equipment (tractors) - heavy equipment (tractors)

SECTION 2 History and Culture Silk Road trade makes Central Asia cities center of wealth and culture. A series of peoples invade Central Asia: Turkic- speaking nomads, Arabs, Mongols, Uzbeks, and Russians. New route to East Asia is discovered; trade bypasses region, which becomes poor and isolated. five independent countries economic hardship centralized, Soviet-style government farming important, some industry HISTORYTODAY

Sec 3: The Countries of Central Asia Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan

SECTION 3 The Countries of Central Asia Turkmenistan English–second official language Islamic principles taught in schools important art forms—carpets, poetry Kazakhstan Russian influence strong Kazakh and Russian official languages combined influences in food Kyrgyzstan in north—linked to nomadic cultures clan membership still important black and white felt hats to show class status  yurts—moveable round house Tajikistan civil war in mid-1900s; Soviet- style government against reformers language related to Persian Persian literature part of heritage Uzbekistan largest population in Central Asia Uzbek—official language Tashkent and Samarkand Silk Road cities traditional art— embroidering with gold Distinctive Traits of Central Asian Countries