Overview  3 empirically based cultural dimensions  A cultural map of the world  Pace of cultural change  Relations of culture to social structure, national policies, democracy, & development

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: PROTOTYPICAL STRUCTURE Ideal Individual / Group Relationship People: role players embedded in groups Individuals inde- pendent actors

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: PROTOTYPICAL STRUCTURE Ideal way to elicit productive, cooperative, activity in society Hierarchical alloca- tion roles/resources legitimate/desirable Socialize: Others morally equal transcend selfish interests cooperate voluntarily

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: PROTOTYPICAL STRUCTURE Regulate use of human and natural resources fit harmoniously, avoid change & self-assertion master, control, change through assertive action

Data and Sources  77 cultural groups, 74 countries, N=55,022  Dominant cultural group: average of teachers & students in most  45 value items with near equivalent meaning in within-country analyses  a priori items to index 7 orientations validated in culture level analysis

Cultural Map of World Regions MASTERY West Europe INTELLECTUAL AUTONOMY EGALITARIANISM English Speaking AFFECTIVE AUTONOMY HARMONY Confucian HIERARCHY Muslim Middle East & Sub- Saharan Africa Latin America South & South East Asia EMBEDDEDNESS East-Central & Baltic Europe Prot/Cath East Europe Orthodox

Correlates of Cultural Orientations Controlling GNPpc, 50+ Countries  % GNPpc spent on health Aut, Egal, on defense Mast, Hier  Govt. accountability, antitrust enforcement, protecting investors’ rights Aut, Egal  Graft, corruption in business Emb, Hier  unemployment benefits, social security benefits Aut, Egal, Harm  #times military acts used as primary response in foreign policy crisis Mast  Level of internal violence in country Mast, Hier  Competitiveness vs cooperativeness of capitalism Mast, Hier

Culture Affects Political & Economic Change  Path analyses  Aut/Emb & Egal/Hier predict change in democracy ’85-’95-’02 & mediates effect of country wealth  Aut/Emb predicts change in GNIpc (democracy does not)  Cultural distance influences international investment flows (e.g., 1σ Egal distance 16% drop)

Change in Cultural Values  21 countries, 36 Sample pairs  Average interval 7.1 yrs. (during )  Countries undergoing major social change (China, Hong Kong, Poland, Hungary)  Correlations range.85 to.90 Relative Positions of Countries Change Slowly  Variance across samples unchanged on 7 orient. No sign of cultural convergence

Conclusions  Cultural orientations inferred from mean values of individuals in societies have meaningful associations  World composed of cultural regions, linked by history, geography, economics, religion, etc.  Cultural value orientations influence important societal policies & practices  Slow change in basic cultural value orientations & no evidence for convergence  Cultural value orientations reciprocally cause key social structural & political features of society