History of Welding Chapter 1

Overview Welding is joining two pieces of metal by: Heating to temperature high enough to cause softening or melting With or without application of pressure With or without use of filler metal Melting point same as metals being joined or melting point below metals but about 800ºF

Overview New methods, applications and systems Tremendous progress in short time Usually best method to use when fastening metal © David H. Wells/The Image Works

History of Metalworking Began when people found they could shape rocks by chipping them with other rocks Copper probably first metal to be worked Ductile (easily hammered, bent or drawn) In Egypt as early as 4000 B.C. and USA before 2000 B.C. Welding began more than 3000 years ago Hot or cold metals hammered to obtain forge weld Forged metals, bronze and iron mentioned in Old Testament

History of Metalworking Bronze developed between 3000 and 2000 B.C. Iron became known to Europe about 1000 B.C. Philistines had four iron furnaces about 1300 B.C. Produced swords, chisels, daggers, and spearheads Egyptians began making iron tools during period of 900 to 850 B.C. Replaced bronze as metal used in manufacture of utensils, armor and other applications after 800 B.C.

History of Metalworking Famous Damascus swords and daggers made in Syria about 1300 B.C. Sought because of their strength and toughness Made by forge-welding iron bars of different degrees of hardness, drawing them down, and repeating process many times Working of metals followed one another in great ancient civilizations Copper, bronze, silver, gold, and iron

History of Metalworking Time of Roman Empire Iron use common in Europe, Near East and Far East Chinese developed ability to make steel from wrought iron in 589 A.D. Belgians responsible for progress with steel in Europe Japan manufactured steel by repeated welding and forging and controlling amount of carbon by use of fluxes Produced famous Samurai sword

History of Metalworking Blast furnace developed for melting iron about 1000 to 1200 A.D. Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw great improvements in design of blast furnaces First cast iron cannon produced in early 1600s Industrial Revolution in the middle of the eighteenth century brought many improvements

History of Metalworking Present factory system of mass production introduced American, Eli Whitney, developed idea of interchanging parts in manufacture of arms Working of dyes and molds became commonplace by beginning of nineteenth century Henry Ford involved in developing assembly line method for manufacturing automobiles early in twentieth century

Early Developments in Welding Edmund Davy discovered acetylene at beginning of nineteenth century Sir Humphrey Davy discovered the electric arc in 1801 Concerned with use of arc for illumination Demonstrated possible to maintain high voltage arc for varying periods of time by 1809 Workable electrical generating devices invented and developed on practical basis by 1850 These inventions were forerunner of present arc welding process.

History of Fusion Welding First documented instance done by Auguste de Meritens in 1881 Welded lead battery plates together with carbon electrode Two of Auguste’s pupils, N. Benardos and S. Olszewski, continued work and issued patent for welding process using carbon electrodes and electric power source four years later Primary goal was repair welding

Bare Metal Electrode Welding Introduced in 1888 by N. G. Slavianoff (Russian) Discovery first recognized in western Europe in 1892 C. L. Coffin was pioneer of welding industry in United States 1889 received patent on equipment and process for flash-butt welding

Bare Metal Electrode Welding 1890 received additional patents for spot welding 1892 received patent for bare metal electrode arc welding process Without knowledge of Slavianoff’s work

History of Metalworking Foresche and Picard developed first commercial oxyacetylene welding torch at turn of the 20th century Electric arc welding method used in US until about 1920 Handicapped because of welds produced by these electrodes not as strong as metal being welded Welding arc very unstable

History of Metalworking In 1907 Kjellberg (Swedish engineer) received patent covering electrode-coating process Coating thin and acted only as stabilizer of arc Produced welds little better than bare electrodes In 1912 Kjellberg received another patent for electrode with heavier coating made of asbestos with binder of sodium silicate In 1908, Benardos patented electroslag process of welding thick plates in one pass

History of Metalworking Technology of welding progressed slowly until World War I Demands of war called for improved methods of fabrication End of war, welding widely accepted Research on coated electrodes through 1920s resulted in electrode coatings and improved core wire

Multipass Welds Pass 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ability to make multipass welds such as this one, on plate and pipe, led to growth of industry. Welds are sound and have uniform appearance. Pass 2 Pass 3

History of Metalworking Stick welding process Advanced rapidly due to electrode coatings and improved core wire Now called shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) X-ray development Possible to examine internal soundness of welded joints

Shipbuilding 5,171 vessels constructed to American Bureau of Shipping standard Through 1945 During Maritime Commission wartime shipbuilding program Welding was replacing riveting as main method of assembly

Development of Modern Welding Design of welding machines changed very little during postwar period Done with d.c. current from batteries Use of a.c. welding machines occurred in late 1920 and increased in the early 1930s First high frequency a.c. industrial machine introduced in 1936 by Miller Electric Manufacturing Company High rate of metal deposition and absence of arc blow

Inert Gas Welding World War II spurred development Possible to produce welds of high purity and critical application Patent issued in 1930 to Hobart and Devers for use of electric arc within inert gas atmosphere Not well received because high cost of argon and helium and lack of suitable torch equipment

GTAW Welding Tungsten electrode replace magnesium procedure Patent issue in 1942 Linde Company developed gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) Also called tungsten inert gas (TIG) process or HELIARC Perfected water-cooled torch capable of high amperage

Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) Process An aluminum weld made using the TIG process. The welding of aluminum is no longer a problem and can be done with the same ease as that of steel. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

GTAW Welding First done with rotating d.c. welding machines Later a.c. units developed In 1950s Selenium rectifier type d.c. welding machines a.c.-d.c. rectifier welding machines with built-in high frequency for GTAW welding became available Miller Electric Manufacturing Company developed Miller controlled-wave a.c. welder for critical welds on aircraft and missiles

Development of Modern Welding Use of aluminum and magnesium increased Development of GTAW welding Desirable characteristics of reduced weight and resistance to corrosion Thicker materials in construction, which required preheating using GTAW welding U.S. patent issued in 1948 for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process Superseded earlier terms of metal inert gas (MIG) and metal active gas (MAG)

GMAW Process Concentrates high heat at a focal point Produces Small heat-affected zone Narrow bead width Deep penetration Faster welding speed Now used in all industries This and similar processes are responsible for over 70 percent of welds being performed today. St Louis Car. Co. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FCAW Process Tubular wire filled with flux: outside acts as electrical conducting sheath and provides bulk of weld bead; core contains scavengers and deoxidizers Some flux cored electrodes generate sufficient gas shielding; referred to as self-shielding (FCAW-S) Other flux cored electrodes require an external shielding gas (FCAW-G) Flux cored wire welding high-deposition process is fast and economical Slag that retards cooling rate and supports molten weld pool allowing certain electrodes to weld in all positions

Development of Modern Welding Rapid changes occurred in 1980s and continuing today Exotic multiple gas mixes State-of-art electrodes Onboard computers Robotic welding Hybrid process Methods developing that may change way welds made in future

Processes and Applications Involving Use of the Electric Arc Arc spot welding Atomic-hydrogen welding Electrogas Plasma arc welding Stud welding Submerged arc welding Underwater arc welding

Other Specialized Processes Include Cold welding Electron beam welding Explosive welding Force welding Friction welding Friction stir welding Laser welding Oxyhydrogen welding Thermit welding Ultrasonic welding Welding of plastics

Industry Demand Over 90 welding processes defined Force new and improved developments in machines, gases, torches, electrodes, procedures, and technology Constant research for new metals done by shipbuilding, space and nuclear industries Spurs research in welding

Provide guidance and standards relating to the welding industry. Welding Associations American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American Petroleum Institute (API) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) American Welding Society (AWS) American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) Provide guidance and standards relating to the welding industry.

Welding as an Occupation Can be certified by AWS, ASME and API Tests difficult and require many hours of practice Key positions in major industries Important to economic welfare of country Gender friendly Done in every civilized country in the world Offer prestige and security Chances for advancement excellent

Industrial Welding Applications More than 90 different welding processes Divided into three major types Arc Gas Resistance Number of other types used to lesser extent Induction, forge, thermit, flow, and brazing

Resistance Welding Includes spot welding, seam welding, flash welding, projection welding, and other similar processes performed on machines Operators usually taught on job Semiskilled workers do not need specific hands-on-welding skills

Arc and Gas Welding Focus of this text Combine art and science Welders have almost complete control of the process Must know properties of metals to weld; which weld process to use; and how to plan, measure, and fabricate

Welding Positions Overhead Vertical As well as flat and vertical Miller Electric Mfg. Co. Vertical As well as flat and vertical Miller Electric Mfg. Co. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Qualifications and Personal Characteristics Welders certified for ability to do work and work is inspected Required to pass periodic qualification tests Certifications issued according to kind and gauge of metal and specific welding process Can hold several different certifications simultaneously

Example of Magnetic-particle Testing in Building Weld testing and inspection give proof of the soundness of welds. Circlesafe Aerosol/Circle Systems, Inc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Basic Tasks Gas weld Electric arc welding Attaching proper tip and adjusting welding regulators for proper volume and gas pressures Electric arc welding Regulate welding machine for proper welding current, select proper electrode size and type, and right shielding gas Need steady hand and have good visualization skills

Master Welder Job Examples Creating Art! Enrique Vega Welds in these tanks must meet X-ray requirements and pass a dye penetrant test. Tanks are often lined with a very thin layer of pure silver. AP Photo/U.S. Department of Energy, The Monroe Evening News Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Master Welder Master craftsperson Able to weld all steels and alloys Plus nickel, aluminum, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, and their alloys and claddings Welds of highest quality Welds meet requirement of job Delicate welding of silver and gold Heavy pressure vessels requiring 4-inch plate

Welding Occupations Requiring a High School Education Welding operator Welding fitter Combination welder Master welder Welding supervisor Welding analyst Inspector Welding foreman Welding superintendent Equipment sales Sales demonstrator Sales troubleshooter Welding instructor Robotics welder operator Job or fabrication shop owner

Welding Occupations Requiring a High School Education Welding engineer (metallurgical) Welding development engineer Welding research Welding engineer Technical editor Welding professor Certified welding inspector (AWS/CWI) Corporation executive Owner of welding business Sales engineer

Safety and Working Conditions Indoors or outdoors Noisy Hearing protection needed Awkward positions Spacious surroundings or cramped quarters High off ground in scaffolds with safety harness © Vicki Silbert/PhotoEdit

Job Hazards Fire danger Burns (including “sunburn” from electric arcs) Noxious fumes from materials vaporized at high temperatures Eyestrain Welders flash Electric shock Hazards can be minimized or eliminated by use of proper protective clothing and equipment.

Ways to Stay Current Read trade journals, service manuals, textbooks, and trade catalogs. Join associations such as the American Welding Society. Research topics on the Internet. Trade trips with your peers.