Coordinate Systems in Malaysia History, Future and Somewhere in Between For GMAT2700 Geodesy and Spatial Reference Frames By Nor Yahaya

Malaysia A country in South East Asia Situated between 2° and 7° to the North of the Equator line Consists of 13 states and 3 Federal Territories The East Malaysia and West Malaysia are separated by the South China Sea

History of Malaysian Datum Starting with the geodetic datum - realized by establishing triangulation network. Triangulation: Measurement of at least a baseline and angles Basic principles: If length of one side of a triangle is known and angles are accurately measured, the other two sides of the triangle can be measured As we have learnt in Lecture 10 – It is o0ne of the horizontal control survey methods

History of Malaysian Datum Old Triangulation Network for Peninsular Malaysia: 1888 - 1896 Establishment of Perak System to support cadastral requirements for Perak, Penang and Kedah 1899 Another triangulation known as Asa System was based on a baseline measured in Tanjung Malim and astronomical observation of latitude, longitude and azimuth done at Bukit Asa 1908 A traverse 1491 miles covering the western side of the main range was carried out 1909 The major triangulation of Pahang was completed 1910 The triangulation was extended to the border with Thailand 1911 The Johor major triangulation connecting Pahang to Singapore was completed 1912 Triangulation survey connecting Kedah and Perlis

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation Primary Triangulation of Malaya (1913 – 1916) Formed by the existing triangulation network System was not unified through common adjustment Resolved to one common system in 1948 Lat/ Long of the origin of Repsoid Triangulation (Kertau) was decided to be altered. Malaysian datum has started with Malayan Primary Triangulation Resolved to one common system in 1948 due to inaccuracies in older triangulations – geographical positions difference between common points in 2 different systems (Perak and Asa System)

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation Malayan Revised Triangulation (MRT) Used in Peninsular Malaysia since 1948 Consists of 77 geodetic stations, 240 primary stations, 837 secondary and 51 tertiary stations Adopted as a result of previous network re-computations + Primary Triangulation Reference ellipsoid – Modified Everest Origin – Kertau Map projection – Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO) Cadastral surveys projection – Cassini Soldner -Used in Peninsular Malaysia since 1948 for geodetic , mapping, cadastral and other surveys

History of Malaysian Datum – Malayan Primary Triangulation Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68) Geodetic network for Sabah and Sarawak Results from the re-adjustment of the primary control of East Malaysia Origin – Bukit Timbalai, Labuan Consists of Borneo West Coast Triangulation of Brunei and Sabah, Borneo EAst Coast Triangulation of Sarawak, extension of the West Coast Triangulation in Sabah and some Doppler points survey between 1961-1968

Technology revolution Well suited for surveying of long inter-station distances (ten kms – hundreds kms) Capable of 3D baseline measurement All weather operations Globally applicable 24/7 availability

Needs Towards Geocentric Datum Widely used satellite positioning systems Existing datum incompatible Unification of datums between East and West Malaysia In line with international recommendation By definition, a geocentric datum is a system whose origin (0,0,0) coincides with the center mass of the Earth and the directions of their axes are defined by convention. Reasons for adoption are listed on slide. The adoption of geocentric datum will lead to a homogeneous national coordinate system across the country, and will ensure that coordinates are directly compatible with GPS coordinates output and with international mapping and charting standards.

GDM2000 – The Realization Zero Order GPS Network (MASS) Strengthening of PMPGN and EMPGN GDM2000 Realization MASS Network in Malaysia IGS Stations Existing PMPGN and EMPGN The MASS is the first GPS permanent network managed by the Dept. Of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia. Consists of 18 stations established throughout the country. The stations automatically record and archive data from available GPS satellites for accurate position determination continuously. MASS will provide code range and carrier phase data which can be used for post-processing of GPS data. Data available for public. The MASS is connected to ITRF through connection to existing IGS Re observation of 36 PMPGN stations to connect them to MASS network. 11 of the stations were used as check stations for QC and network verification. A new set of 7 parameters transformation has been derived between GDM2000 and old WGS84 datum. A new projection in RSO was then developed to directly project all positions in GDM2000 to the plane coords in the map.

GDM2000 – Implications On Cadastral Survey Current cadastral survey system will be maintained until the implementation of Coordinated Cadastral System (CCS) – which would be using GDM2000 as coordinate reference frame for Cadastral Surveys in Peninsular Malaysia CCS - Unified cadastral coordinate system towards more accurate cadastral coordinates

GDM2000 – Implications On Mapping Change in coordinates ≈ 200m Displacement: 1:50000 4mm on map 1:10000 20mm on map Change in grids and graticules position Change in coordinates of map features Transformation process in mapping products will be simple

GDM2000 – Implications On GPS Positioning Currently is based on WGS84 coordinates Not much difference: GDM2000 is based on ITRF2000 epoch 00.0 WGS84 has been closely aligned to ITRF However will affect high precision absolute positioning

Coordinate System in Malaysia Old Cassini-Soldner for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N) Old Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N) Old Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for East Malaysia (E, N) Malayan Revised Triangulation (ф, λ, h) Peninsular Malaysia Primary GPS Network (ф, λ, h and X, Y, Z) East Malaysia Primary GPS Network (ф, λ, h and X, Y, Z) Geocentric Datum of Malaysia (ф, λ, h and X, Y, Z) New Cassini-Soldner for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N) New Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for Peninsular Malaysia (E, N) New Rectified Skew Orthomorphic for East Malaysia (E, N)

References GDM2000 Technical Manual from Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia GMAT4900 lecture notes from C. Rizos, 2010