English II 5-9 January

5 January Warm Up – Grammar – Sentence Combining Essential Question: How do authors develop the central idea? Today’s Agenda Reading Informational Text - Non-Fiction Articles Read – The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker Read – Art Brings Communities Together Tomorrow’s Agenda Reading Informational Text – Persuasive Texts Homework – DUE 6 JANUARY Author’s Craft – Page 96 Vocabulary Strategy – Page 97 Comprehension Check (1-3) – Page 97

Warm-up – Sentence Combining Rewrite each of the following items, combining the sentences Snow fell steadily upon the Acadian Forest. It fell for seven days. Jason lost his grip on the rope tow. He slid all the way to the bottom of the hill. Eating balanced meals is essential for good health. Exercising regularly is necessary too. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. He was a key writer of the Declaration of Independence. Horses communicate with each other. They snort and make sounds of different pitch. Reading magazines is a good way to stay informed. They usually give several different viewpoints on a subject. A walrus looks clumsy. It appears sluggish. It is quite agile when it swims. The temperature rose. The snowbanks glistened in the sun. Tiny beads of water trickled down the hill. We were miles away. We could hear Alan. He was practicing his trumpet. The Tower of London was built about nine hundred years ago. It was originally a prison. Today it houses the crown jewels.

Vocabulary – Benjamin Banneker Name Date English II Banneker Vocabulary – Benjamin Banneker Define each of the following words by looking up the root word. Then identify the part of speech of the word and changed definition of the word based on the suffix. Indentured Abhorrence Abolitionist Ardently Fruition commemorative

The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker Name Date English II Banneker The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker The central idea is the most important idea in a text. How does the first paragraph communicate the central idea of the article? Text structure refers to the ways authors organize information in a text. Look at the phrases “in his childhood” and “around the age of 20” in paragraphs 2 and 3. What structure do these phrases indicate? Authors develop the central idea by connecting ideas through details and structure. How does the structure of this article help connect ideas? Text evidence is specific information in a text that supports an idea or analysis. Identify information from the text that supports the idea that Banneker was self-educated. The article is divided into sections with subheads, a type of text feature. Authors use subheads to group related ideas together. Each subhead supports the main idea. What information do you expect to learn in the section “Astronomy and Surveying”?

The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker Name Date English II Banneker The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker Details are individual facts in the text. How do the details in the quote in paragraph 6 support and develop the central idea of the article? When readers make inferences, they use details from the text to make logical assumptions about the author’s intended meaning. Reread paragraph 7. What inference can you make about Banneker’s intellectual accomplishments and the quality of his almanac? Identify specific evidence from the text that supports your inference. Authors include graphics such as charts and graphs to highlight important ideas, add additional details and background, or make the supporting information more understandable. What additional information does the timeline provide? How does it help the reader understand Banneker’s life? Why does the author include a section devoted to Banneker’s almanac? How does the section support the central idea?

The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker Name Date English II Banneker The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker Authors try to establish logical relationships between ideas. How does the author’s inclusion of Banneker’s letter to Jefferson help develop the central idea of the text? Writers include details to support the main idea and provide additional information and explanations. What main point is Banneker making in his letter to Jefferson? What details from the text support his point? Summarizing is a way to make sure you understand the main ideas of a passage. Summarize what Jefferson has said about the condition of “black brethren” in reply to Banneker’s letter. An inference is an assumption based on reasoning and information in a text. Recall the main point of Banneker’s letter to Jefferson. How does Jefferson address Banneker’s concerns? What can you infer about Jefferson based on his response? Authors of biographies often organize their texts in chronological, or time, order. Identify the words and phrases in the last section that indicate this kind of text structure. Summaries include the main idea and most important details. Review the article and identify the most important details. Then write a brief summary (3-5 sentences) of the article.

ART brings Communities Together Name Date English II ART ART brings Communities Together What is the central idea of this article? Identify the details in paragraphs 1-3 that support the claim that a mural is an important part of society. What details in paragraph 3 support the central idea? The author introduces an example of a large community mural project. How does this example help develop the central idea? Identify the details that establish the way the author connects ideas. Summarize the Philadelphia Mural Arts Project. What purpose does the boxed text serve? What is the root word and part of speech of the word atmospheric? How does the suffix (ic) change the meaning of the word and part of speech? What evidence does the author provide to illustrate that murals can often be logistically difficult to complete? Is the author’s organization of the text into sections about different projects effective? Elaborate.

ART brings Communities Together Name Date English II ART ART brings Communities Together What inferences can you make about the artists who work on community mural projects? What inferences can you make about the participants? How do details about the kinds of students who participate in the Groundswell project connect to other ideas in the article? What does it help you understand about the programs? What can you infer about the muralist Dave Loewenstein? Why do you think he leads community mural projects? How does the author use the information in the last section to support his or her central idea? What can you infer about the cost of murals in terms of time and expense? Why have the costs not stopped many communities and organizations from sponsoring these projects? How does the author use information about different mural projects to develop the central idea of the article? Why was the Philadelphia Mural Arts Project started? How did it improve the cityscape? What are the author’s feelings toward community mural projects? What evidence leads you to this conclusion? Summarize how the community mural projects discussed in the article are similar and different?

6 January Please turn in your homework assignment to the box Warm Up – Grammar – Varying Sentences Essential Question: What devices are used in persuasive writing? Today’s Agenda Reading Informational Text – Persuasive Texts Read – Chief Seattle’s Speech Tomorrow’s Agenda Reading Informational Text – Puerto Rico – The 51st Star is Long Overdue Homework – DUE 7 JANUARY Author’s Craft – Page 114 Vocabulary Strategy – Page 115 Comprehension Check (1-3) – Page 115

Warm Up – Varying Sentences Rewrite each simple sentence by adding the item or items in parentheses. Some of the local residents use the service road (prepositional phrase). The treasure aroused people’s curiosity (2 adjectives/1 adverb). A coat of paint brightened my room (2 adjectives). Mrs. Hamilton did her best to influence the town council (appositive). The mechanic pried the flat tire from the wheel rim (verbal phrase). Jody speech French fluidly (appositive phrase). The guitarist broke a string (prepositional phrase). Jane skied to the bottom of the hill (2 adverbs). Senator Williams came to our school (verbal phrase). The soldiers marched across the field (2 adjectives).

Reading Skills Check Define CENTRAL IDEA. Name Date English II Reading Skills Quiz Define CENTRAL IDEA. What is the purpose of using text structure? What is one example of text structure? How do authors develop the central idea of a text? What is text evidence? What is an example of a text feature used in The Life and Contributions of Benjamin Banneker? Why do authors use graphics such as charts and graphs? What is inference? What are specific details used for? What is a summary?

Name Date English II Speech Vocabulary Breaking a word into its parts can help you determine the meaning of unfamiliar words. Affixes are added to root words to create new words. Affixes can change the meaning of the word and its part of speech. Look up each of the words below. Identify the root word and the affixes. Identify the part of speech of each of the root words. Then identify the part of speech and definition of the root word with the affixes. benignity 4. fragmentary hallowed 5. recapitulation demonstrative 6. sympathetic

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech Speakers and writers carefully choose words that will add impact and reveal their perspectives. In Smith’s introduction he uses the word “noble” to describe Chie Seattle. Although intended as a compliment, the word is a reference to the ethnocentric term “noble savage,” which implies that another culture is less civilized than one’s own. Identify other words and phrases that are meant to portray Chief Seattle in a positive light. Figurative language is the use of words that suggest a particular idea or feeling different from their literal meaning. Examine Smith’s description of Chief Seattle’s words in paragraph 2. What is the literal meaning of the phrase “ceaseless thunders of cataracts flowing from exhaustless fountains”? What is the author’s purpose in describing Chief Seattle’s words in this way?

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech An author often chooses specific words to emphasize a particular point. Identify the words Smith uses to describe Chief Seattle in paragraph 3. How do these words expand upon Smith’s characterization of Chief Seattle as “noble”? The tone of a work is the author’s attitude toward the subject. Paragraph 4, Smith describes the assembled Native American audience in terms of disdain, such as “a living mass of swaying, writhing, dusky humanity”. Identify other terms he sues that convey this same tone. How do these descriptions differ from his description of Chief Seattle?

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech The choice of one word over another can alter the meaning of an entire paragraph. In paragraph 5, Smith describes Chief Seattle as having “all the dignity of a senator.” How might this paragraph carry a different meaning if Smith had chosen the word general to describe the Native American chief? What qualities are emphasized in each case? An author’s main purpose for delivering a persuasive text is to convince the audience to adopt his or her way of thinking. What is Chief Seattle’s purpose? Why do you think he would take such a position? Identify the reasons Chief Seattle gives in paragraph 6.

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech The words authors use to express their ideas in a given time period are often considered politically incorrect and offensive today. In paragraphs 7 and 8, Chief Seattle refers to Americans of European descent as “my pale faced brothers,” and to Native Americans as “the red man.” Why are these terms no longer used and considered offensive? Why does Chief Seattle seem ready to accept the deal with the United States? An author’s argument consists of his or her perspective on an issue and relevant supporting evidence. Summarize Chief Seattle’s argument through paragraph 8. Identify the facts or details that support his argument.

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech Validity refers to the strength of an argument or claim’s logic. A valid argument demonstrates sound reasoning, while an invalid argument will likely fall apart upon deeper consideration. In paragraph 10, Chief Seattle states that the “white man” enjoys God’s favor. Why does he most likely make this statement? Is this a valid claim? A claim is a statement of the writer or speaker’s position on a problem or issue. What is Chief Seattle’s claim in paragraph 11? Why is this claim important to Chief Seattle’s overall argument? Evidence refers to facts or information that help support a claim. For evidence to be relevant, it should relate to the claim it supports. In paragraph 11, when Chief Seattle concedes that “Day and night cannot dwell together,” what evidence does he give to support this claim? Is it relevant?

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech The author’s style and meaning can often change when a work is translated into a different language. Chief Seattle originally delivered his speech in the Lushootseed language. It was then translated into a Chinook Indian trade language. Finally, it was translated into English by Smith. How does knowing it was translated twice affect your reading and understanding of it? How might this double translation have changed aspects of the speech’s style or even its content? Why does Chief Seattle talk about the religious differences between the white man and his people? Point of view refers to the way an author feels about the topic. It is the perspective from which an author writes his or her work. What is Chief Seattle’s point of view on relocation? How is his perspective influenced by his role as a Native American chief?

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech Authors choose words that will appropriately establish the tone of their writing. Notice how Chief Seattle speaks of “hallowed by some fond memory” and “solemn grandeur.” What kind of tone does he project? Identify other words that contribute to this tone. How might you connect his tone here with his demand to be allowed to visit his tribe’s ancestral burial grounds? A fallacy is an error in reasoning. One type of fallacious reasoning is overgeneralization, which is a generalization that is too broad. The words all, everyone, always, every time, no one, and none signal this type of fallacious reasoning. Identify the overgeneralization in paragraph 14. Why might Chief Seattle overgeneralize the situation?

Chief Seattle’s Speech Name Date English II Speech Chief Seattle’s Speech Smith translated Chief Seattle’s speech and added commentary to explain its significance. He tells us that the transcript he provides is “but a fragment of his [Chief Seattle’s] speech,” based upon his notes at the event. Given that this account is a fragmentary record of Chief Seattle’s words, should readers be skeptical of the speech’s authenticity and Smith’s purpose for publishing it? Explain your reasoning.

7 January Please turn in your homework assignment to the box Warm Up – Grammar – Varying Sentences Essential Question: How do emotional appeals affect the audience? Today’s Agenda Reading Informational Text – Persuasive Texts Read – Puerto Rico – The 51st Star is Long Overdue Tomorrow’s Agenda Reading Scientific and Technical Texts Benchmark #3 Homework – DUE 8 JANUARY Comprehension Check (1-3) – Page 122

Warm Up – Varying Sentences Shortening Long Sentences – Divide the long sentences below into short, clear sentences. Many people laughed at Adam when he first set out to find an old Spanish galleon that had sunk in 1622, but within a year he had converted many a disbeliever, because in that short time he had found millions of dollars of submerged treasure. (3) The art of wood carving was perfected so early in history that few records have been preserved, except relics, such as a recently excavated set of wood carver’s tools, which prove that even before metal was used, people cut and decorated wood with tools of shell, bone, and flint. (3) I finally saw the movie, and I am glad that I read the book first because important plot details and even some characters that made the story understandable were left out of the movie version. (3) She clutched the letter tightly, refusing to talk about it and refusing to show it to us, yet tears streamed down her face and small sobs shook her, and we did want to help her, but she was unreachable. (4) In the first few hours of torrential rain, flood waters began to rise, and many people left their homes in search of higher ground, but most of these people got stuck in traffic jams and had to wait out the crisis in their stalled automobiles. (3)

Reading Skills Check What is figurative language? Name Date English II Skills Check Quiz What is figurative language? Why do authors carefully choose words? What is the tone? What is the author’s purpose when writing a persuasive text? What does the author’s argument consist of? What determines the validity of an argument or claim? What is a claim? What effect does translation have on the validity of an argument? What is point of view? What is fallacious reasoning? Bonus: List three words that typically signify fallacious reasoning.

Puerto Rico The 51st Star is Long Overdue Name Date English II Puerto Rico State the author’s main purpose. Identify words that indicate this purpose. What point of view does the author present? As you read, not how the author supports this point of view. Who is the author’s audience? How can you tell? How might the author’s purpose be different if the audience were different? Analyze the word representation. What is the root word? What affix is used? Why does the author compare the possibility of Puerto Rican statehood to the actual statehood of Hawaii and Alaska? Do you think these are valid comparison? Why or why not?

Puerto Rico The 51st Star is Long Overdue Name Date English II Puerto Rico Either/or statements are often fallacies. Identify the fallacious reasoning the author uses in paragraph 3. How does the author oversimplify Puerto Ricans’ situation? In paragraph 4, what tone does the phrase “irony of ironies” establish in the piece?” Identify other words that emphasize this tone. In 1998 the people of Puerto Rico voted in a plebiscite – a referendum of the entire voting population – to maintain a status quo relationship with the United States. Would including this evidence have helped or hurt the author’s argument here? Why? Identify the claim in the section “On the World Stage.” Is this a valid claim? Why or why not?

Puerto Rico The 51st Star is Long Overdue Name Date English II Puerto Rico Reread paragraph 8, and identify any descriptive or figurative language that helps establish the tone in this section. How might the author’s choice of words affect the reader? What is the prefix in the word infrastructure in paragraph 9? How does it relate to the root of the word? Identify the sentence in paragraph 9 that is an example of fallacious reasoning. What makes the sentence a fallacy? The words territory, country, and nation are often used interchangeably, yet they have different meanings. What does each word mean? How could using these words interchangeably affect the meaning of a sentence or paragraph? Look back over each main section of the essay. Identify the different facets of the issue of Puerto Rican statehood that are addressed. Why did the author choose to include a variety of supporting ideas in this argument? Does the number of ideas addressed strengthen or hurt the overall argument?

8 January Please turn in your homework assignment to the box Warm Up – Grammar – Varying Sentences Essential Question: What devices are used in persuasive writing? Today’s Agenda Benchmark #3 Reading Informational Text – Historical Texts Read – Abridged from Common Sense Read – First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933 Tomorrow’s Agenda Quiz Homework – Due 9 January Author’s Craft – page 134 Vocabulary – page 135 Comprehension Check – page 135

Varying Sentences Notes – Modifier First – Carefully, the detective put the evidence into the bag. (adverb) Phrase First – Looking down from the mountain, we saw the winding river. (gerund phrase) Clause First – Whenever Grandma visits us, she bakes an applesauce cake. (Adverb clause

Varying Sentences Rewrite each of the following sentences rearranging the words to make the sentence begin differently. Oceanographers have worked endlessly to study the habits of undersea animals. I lost my concentration when the phone began to ring. The confused tourists stared at the timetable in the train station. Lucky contestants have won hundreds of thousands of dollars on television game shoes. Burning coals and boiling lava erupted from the mouth of Mount Etna. Clarissa, running to answer the phone, slipped on a magazine and twisted her ankle. You must fulfill basic requirements to be a good student and earn high grades. The mountain, jagged and menacing, loomed above us. A building can be condemned if it does not meet safety standards. My uncle, however, would not play golf again.

Domain Specific Vocabulary Authors will often use words that belong to a particular area of experience. Here, Paine uses words that pertain to the political and historical climate of an America on the verge of declaring independence from British rule. Please define each of the words below. Continental Subjection Reconciliation Constitution Parliament

Common Sense Name Date English II Common Sense The words authors choose to repeat and emphasize in their work often signal their main point. In paragraphs 1 and 2, Paine introduces his pamphlet as a question of “RIGHT” versus “WRONG.” Why do you think he sues those words? What does Paine want people to do or understand? To understand historical documents, you must consider the context in which they were written. Common Sense was published in 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution. How does that knowledge help you understand Paine’s point in paragraph 2? A theme is an underlying message about people or society. Writers of historical documents often address a theme in their work. How does Paine connect the theme of natural rights with his argument for independence from England?

Common Sense Name Date English II Common Sense An author’s purpose is the reason why he or she decides to write about a particular topic. In paragraph 6, Paine claims that his identity is beside the point. How does his insistence on anonymity further his purpose? An author makes a claim when stating something he or she believes to be true. In paragraph 8, Paine makes a claim about his ideas on American independence. Why might his choice of “plain” and “common” reinforce his claim? An author’s point of view refers to his or her ideas and feelings that influence the way he or she views a topic. What is Paine’s point of view? The tone of a work is the author’s attitude toward the subject or audience. Although Paine argues for a violent course of action, his tone is steady and balanced. Identify examples of this balanced tone in paragraphs 8-10. The central idea of a text is the most important idea. Paine’s central idea is that the time of American independence has come. How does Paine support his central idea in paragraph 11?

Common Sense What is Paine asking his readers to do? Name Date English II Common Sense What is Paine asking his readers to do? Authors often make connections between events in order to support their ideas. In paragraph 12, Paine makes a reference to the Battles of Lexington and Concord that occurred on April 19, 1775. How does referring to these events help support his appeal to fight for independence from England? An author may develop ideas by bringing up counterarguments and then refuting them as “fallacious” or false. What counterargument does Paine bring up in paragraph 14 and how does he prove it to be false? An author’s argument is based on an issue and the relevant, supporting evidence. Paine makes arguments throughout his pamphlet for the sensible nature of his proposal. Is Paine’s reasoning in paragraph 16 convincing? Elaborate. Details support the central idea of a text. In paragraphs 16-17, Paine references the countries of France and Spain as enemies of the American colonies only by way of the colonies’ allegiance to England. Why is this detail important to Paine’s argument for American independence?

Common Sense Name Date English II Common Sense Figurative language is the words and phrases an author uses that are not meant to be taken literally. Personification is a kind of figurative language that attributes human characteristics to something that is not human. Identify examples of personification in paragraph 18. Writers often use details to support a claim. What details does Paine use in paragraph 18 to refute the argument that Britain is mother country to America? An author uses sound reasoning to demonstrate a valid argument. What argument is Paine making in paragraph 20? Is his reasoning valid? Explain. Evidence refers to facts and examples that help prove an author’s points. In paragraph 21, Paine argues that the fact of “English descent” of the American colonials is not a good reason for reconciling with England because the royal line of Britain traces back to France. Why is this piece of evidence relevant here? How does it help make Paine’s case?

Common Sense Name Date English II Common Sense The author’s purpose is what he or she attempts to achieve in the text. In Common Sense, Paine argues passionately for the American colonies to declare their independence from Britain. Why does Paine include this discussion in paragraphs 23-24 on trade with Europe? How does it help serve his overall purpose in writing this piece? What are the benefits of gaining independence from Britain that Paine has described? Summarizing is an important skill that may be used to check comprehension. Summarize Paine’s argument in 1-2 sentences. One persuasive technique used in argument is logic. Logic refers to using valid evidence or clear reasoning to prove a claim. How does Paine use logic in paragraphs 27 and 28 to prove that “other powers” will not help settle the conflict between the American colonists and Britain until America declares independence?

Common Sense Name Date English II Common Sense Evidence is the proof an author uses to convince the audience of his or her argument. What evidence does Paine use in paragraph 32 to support this overall argument that declaring independence is “common sense” and should be done without delay? Explain whether this evidence is relevant. The evidence an author offers in support of an argument must be relevant as well as sufficient. In paragraph 35, underline the evidence Paine uses to support this claim that independence is the natural choice for America. Is his evidence sufficient? A historical document is a document that significantly impacted events or ideas. What is the historical significance of Paine’s Common Sense? What events or ideas did it impact?

9 January Please turn in your homework assignment to the box Warm Up – Grammar – Varying Sentences Essential Question: What is the reason for analyzing historical documents? Today’s Agenda Reading Informational Text – Historical Texts Quiz Read – First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933 Monday’s Agenda Reading Informational Text – Scientific and Technical Texts NOTE: There will be a Literary Terms TEST on 13 January. Please review the terms we have discussed this week

Varying Sentences – Sentence Patterns Notes Parallel Structures – using the same grammatical structure In store windows, in the buildings on the town green and in private homes, a single candle burned in each window. Jackson would tax the rich and the corporations; Hillyer would tax the poor and the small businesses. Breaking a pattern - altering the use of similar grammatical structure I have studied the manual; I have assembled the materials; I have set up a work space. Mow wish me luck!

Varying Sentence Structure Rewrite each of the following sentences using parallel structure. Sewing , painting, and to cook gourmet meals are Alice’s hobbies. Hank explained his idea clearly, completely, and with patience. Jamie agreed to work at night and on weekends but not holidays. Clapping hands, stamping feet, and with loud whistles, the audience demanded an encore. Fran likes to swim and to sail but not playing baseball.

Notebook Quiz #14 What do authors use to demonstrate a valid argument? Name Date English II NBQ14 What do authors use to demonstrate a valid argument? How do authors develop the central idea of a text? Why do authors use graphics such as charts and graphs? What is inference? What is figurative language? What is logical reasoning? What is the tone? What determines the validity of an argument or claim? What is a claim? Why are documents considered historically significant?

First Inaugural Address Name Date English II Address First Inaugural Address Reread paragraph 1. Restate the author’s main purpose. How does Roosevelt’s tone in paragraph 1 match his purpose? Identify the words in paragraph 1 that Roosevelt uses to help inspire hope. In paragraphs 2-3 what connections does Roosevelt make between events and the current state of the American economy? Identify the evidence Roosevelt gives in paragraph 4 to help prove his view of what is causing food shortages. Is it relevant to his claim? How does Roosevelt’s position as newly sworn in President of the United States affect his speech? Identify key phrases in paragraphs 6-7 that show Roosevelt’s central idea.

First Inaugural Address Name Date English II Address First Inaugural Address What theme does Roosevelt emphasize in paragraph 16? Why is this theme important to his speech? Identify the figure of speech Roosevelt uses in paragraph 17. What is the effect of this language? In paragraphs 19 and 20, why does Roosevelt begin to discuss the balance of power inherent in the United States Constitution? In paragraph 21, how does Roosevelt develop the metaphor of war he introduced in paragraph 17? How is this rhetorical device important to making his case for potentially expanding executive power? Identify the words Roosevelt uses in paragraph 24 that pertain specifically to the context of governance.

First Inaugural Address Name Date English II Address First Inaugural Address Summarize Roosevelt’s argument in his speech. Pay particular attention to his final remarks in paragraphs 21-24. What makes this speech historically significant? How might its theme have affected Americans at that time? What evidence does Roosevelt use to support his central ideas? Is his reasoning valid? Analyze Roosevelt’s plan for the nation as described in his speech. What are its main points? How does Roosevelt use rhetoric to appeal to the American people? How does his use of rhetoric make clear his point of view or purpose?