Physical Controls on Annual Water Balance

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Presentation transcript:

Physical Controls on Annual Water Balance September 8, 2011 Physical Controls on Annual Water Balance

Guiding Concept “most” hydologic problems are concerned with defining the partitioning of the water balance across a range of spatial (channel, hillslope, catchment, continent…) and temporal (hour, day, season, annual…) scales

Budyko Theoretical Bounds on Annual Water Balance Review: Watershed hydrologic partitioning controlled by climate P = R + E P and E temporally and spatially uniform e(t) = ep(t), for S > 0 = 0 for S = 0 q(t) = 0 for S<Sb = p(t) - ep(t) for S=Sb and p(t) > ep(t) How is runoff represented in this curve? or

Effect of Seasonality p(t) and ep(t) vary pronounced wet and dry seasons Cyclical monsoons Consider the case of pronounced wet and dry seasons

wet and dry seasonality Arid watersheds (Ep>P): 2 cases: P<Sb P>Sb

wet and dry seasonality Humid watersheds (Ep<P): 2 cases: Ep<Sb Ep>Sb

Seasonality and Budyko In all 4 scenarios, Sb becomes important…Storage capacity influences annual water balance (Milly 1994) How does storage impact runoff?

At smaller time scales (dS <>0) Internal dynamics become important Soil moisture control on ET Transient storage (unsteady drainage, or leaky bucket) Subsurface flow Classic example of “lumped parameter” model

Summary Influences on Water Balance Theoretical derivations for Climatic dryness index R = Ep/P Seasonality index Ratio of event/inter-event time scales tb/tr Storminess (no. of storms per year n = t/(tr+tb) Catchment storage capacity W=Sb/P Speed of drainage of catchment tr/tc

Questions to keep in mind for semester How do climate and landscape properties interact to partition the water balance across ranges of spatial and temporal scales.

Homework for Tuesday Using this plot, describe examples of the following controls on water balance 1. Actual ET on annual balance 2. Soil water storage capacity on annual balance 3. Soil properties on sub-annual balance 4. Vegetation on sub-annual balance 5. Bedrock leakage on annual balance 6. Bedrock leakage on sub-annual balance