The Impacts of Positive Definite Moisture Advection and Microphysical Advances in Orography Robert Hahn & Cliff Mass University of Washington

Advection Schemes Until recently, several notable mesoscale models did not conserve moisture. Advection schemes can introduce both positive and negative errors, particularly when there are sharp gradients. Microphysical quantities often rise steeply from zero. Models fill in negative values, leaving the overshoots intact. Positive Definite Advection (PDA) schemes eliminate non-physical generation of negative values, while conserving mass (see figure). *graphics from a presentation by Morris Weisman

Why Orography? Theory indicates that PDA should have its greatest effect where large gradients in moisture species are present. Both convection and orography induce such large gradients in many microphysical fields. Orography also provides temporal stability of the flow pattern and associated microphysical fields, making it ideal for examining the generation of spurious sources of mass in a real-time simulation.

13-14 December 2001 Case Passage of a strong baroclinic zone. Cross-barrier flow with winds in excess of 40 m s -1 at crest level. Heavy precipitation with deep reflectivity and orographic enhancement. Wealth of observational assets providing an in-depth view of dynamic and microphysical characteristics of the storm. Vigorous synoptic and orographic forcing combine to make this case ideal for the study of PDA.

Model Setup WRF ARW Version 2.2 Thompson Microphysics MRF PBL scheme CAM radiation Runge-Kutta (RK3) time integration scheme with splitting for stabilization of higher-frequency acoustic modes (Skamarock et al., 2008). 5 th order horiz. advective transport 3 rd order vert. advective transport

36-hour Storm-Total Precipitation NOPDA PDA PDA-NOPDA % Difference a b b d

Statistics: Percentage Difference Areas with orography tend to be affected more at coarser grid resolution. Grid spacing increases % Difference. Even at the lowest resolutions, the effects are significant.

The Effect of PDA on the cloud field Small contributions accumulate in time. The cloud field in the COAMPS model broaden without the PDA Limiter. COAMPS-LES results provided courtesy of Dr. Chris Golaz and Jerome Schmidt

Vertical Distribution of Mixing Ratios DIFF HORIZ-AVERAGED MIXING RATIO (g kg -1 )PCT DIFF HORIZ-AVERAGED MIXING RATIO (g kg -1 )

Advection Edge Gradient Qcloud Mag. Of Gradient

Hydrometeor Edge Mixing Ratios Definition: Positive mixing ratios that touch zero values of like mixing ratios within the plane of the E-W cross- section shown in previous slide. The range of each histogram distribution corresponds to the magnitude of spurious production of moisture in non-PDA schemes. Spurious moisture production from each hydrometeor category shown as a percentage of total precipitation. 8.4% CLOUD 1.7% RAIN 0.5% RAIN 0.5% GRAUPEL 0.1% ICE

Microphysics in WRF Version 3 Thompson Scheme (Thompson et al., 2008) – Assumed snow size distribution depends upon ice water content and temperature. – Non-spherical snow crystal shape and correspondingly varying bulk density. – Variable collection efficiency for rain, snow, and graupel collecting cloud droplets. Morrison Scheme (Morrison & Grabowski, 2007a,b) – Builds from the existing double-moment warm rain scheme – 3 rd prognostic var: Number concentration of ice.

Precipitation Bias Scores: Thompson

Precipitation Bias Scores: Morrison

MM5 Reisner-2 Bias Scores

Bias Scores Undercatchment is expected at most observation sites. Garvert et al. (2005) had noted particularly high bias scores over the windward valleys and in the immediate lee of the crest (simulations performed using MM5, Reisner-2 micro). Morrison bias scores are quite large in the immediate lee of the Cascade Crest for the Morrison, but reasonable in the Thompson. Both schemes studied overpredict on the windward slopes. Is there a dependence upon model elevation? MODEL ELEV (m) THOMPSON BIAS SCOREMORRISON BIAS SCORE

SNOW Morrison Background Contours = Morrison - Thompson

RAIN Morrison Background Contours = Morrison - Thompson Signature of excess snow aloft in Thompson

Morrison Background Contours = Morrison - Thompson CLOUD

Mixing Ratios Morrison tends to have fewer precipitation hydrometeors than Thompson overall, but slightly more at the lowest altitude. Thompson has more cloud. The next few panels further illustrate these points.

SUMMARY PDA scheme eliminates a large spurious source of moisture noted at all grid scales. PDA was applied uniquely to individual hydrometeor variables. Large horizontal gradients in moisture fields induced by orographically generated mountain waves helped generate sharp gradients and strong advections at cloud edges, resulting in strong negative tendencies on upwind side of clouds. Mountain waves produce gradients in moisture fields New Microphysics in WRF Version 3 appears promising. Verifications illustrate similar biases to those found by Garvert et al (2005), but are somewhat improved in the latest Thompson Scheme and did not appear to be model elevation dependent for either Thompson or Morrison.

References Braun, S.A., 2004: High-Resolution Simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Part II: Water Budget. J. of Atm. S., 63, Garvert, M. F., B. A. Colle, and C. F. Mass, 2005: The 13–14 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 event. Part I: Synoptic and mesoscale evolution and comparison with a mesoscale model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3474–3492. Garvert M. F., B. Smull, and C. Mass, 2007: Multiscale mountain waves influencing a major orographic precipitation event. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 711–737. Lin, Y. and B. A. Colle, 2008: The IMPROVE-2 Event: Observed Microphysics and Comparisons With the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Submitted to Mon. Wea. Rev. Medina, S., Sukovich, E., and Houze, R.A., 2007: Vertical Structures in Cyclones Crossing the Oregon Cascades. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3365–3586. Morrison H., and W. W. Grabowski, 2007: Comparison of bulk and bin warm-rain microphysics models using a kinematic framework. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2839–2861. Morrison H., and W. W. Grabowski, 2008: A Novel Approach for Representing Ice Microphysics in Models: Description and Tests Using a Kinematic Framework. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, Schmidt, J. M. (personal communication). Skamarock, W.C., 2005: Positive-Definite and Monotonic Limiters for Unrestricted-Time-Step Transport Schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev, 134, Skamarock, W.C. and Weisman, M.L., 2008: The Impact of Positive-Definite Moisture Transport on NWP Precipitation Forecasts. Submitted: Mon. Wea. Rev. In press. Thompson, G., P. F. Field, R. M. Rasumussen, and W. D. Hall: Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part II: Implementation of a New Snow Parameterization. Submitted: Mon. Wea. Rev. In press. Cotton, W. C. (personal communication).

Thompson =

Morrison =