Kinetic Theory of Gases Physics 202 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 15
PAL #14 Heat Transfer Heat transfer in a cylinder No conduction through vacuum No convection through iron or vacuum No radiation through iron
What is a Gas? A gas is made up of molecules (or atoms) The pressure is a measure of the force the molecules exert when bouncing off a surface We need to know something about the microscopic properties of a gas to understand its behavior
Mole When thinking about molecules it sometimes is helpful to use the mole 6.02 x is called Avogadro’s number (N A ) M = mN A Where m is the mass per molecule or atom Gasses with heavier atoms have larger molar masses
Ideal Gas Specifically 1 mole of any gas held at constant temperature and constant volume will have the almost the same pressure Gases that obey this relation are called ideal gases
Ideal Gas Law The temperature, pressure and volume of an ideal gas is given by: Where: R is the gas constant 8.31 J/mol K
Work and the Ideal Gas Law We can use the ideal gas law to solve this equation
Isothermal Process If we hold the temperature constant in the work equation: W = nRT ln(V f /V i ) Work for ideal gas in isothermal process
Isothermal Work
Isotherms From the ideal gas law we can get an expression for the temperature For an isothermal process temperature is constant so: If P goes up, V must go down Lines of constant temperature
Isotherms
Constant Volume or Pressure In a constant volume process no work is done so: In a constant pressure process the work equation becomes W = p V For situations where T, V or P are not constant, we must solve the integral
Random Gas Motions
Gas Speed The molecules bounce around inside a box and exert a pressure on the walls via collisions The pressure is a force and so is related to velocity by Newton’s second law F=d(mv)/dt A bigger box means fewer collisions The final result is: Where M is the molar mass (mass contained in 1 mole)
RMS Speed Not all the molecules have the same speed even if the temperature is constant We take as a typical value the root-mean- squared velocity (v rms ) We can find an expression for v rms from the pressure and ideal gas equations v rms = (3RT/M) ½ For a given type of gas, velocity depends only on temperature
Maxwell’s Distribution
Maxwellian Distribution and the Sun The v rms of protons is not large enough for them to combine in hydrogen fusion There are enough protons in the high- speed tail of the distribution for fusion to occur
Translational Kinetic Energy If the molecules have a velocity then they also have kinetic energy (K=½mv 2 ) K ave = ½mv rms 2 K ave = (3/2)kT Where k = (R/N A ) = 1.38 X J/K and is called the Boltzmann constant