Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds in a Gas As a result of momentum transfer during collisions between gas molecules and between molecules and the container.

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Presentation transcript:

Boltzmann Distribution of Speeds in a Gas As a result of momentum transfer during collisions between gas molecules and between molecules and the container walls, there is a distribution of speeds.

Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 68 (2005) pp. 1043–1094 R = N A k

A constant-volume gas thermometer

van der Waals Parameters of Selected Gases Gas a (L 2 atm. mol -2 ) b (L mol -1 ) Air Ammonia Argon Carbon Dioxide Ethane Helium Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Xenon

it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legge_di_Van_der_Waals PV diagram for CO 2 n = 1 V (dm 3 ) P (kPa) 1 atm.  101 kPa

Phase Diagram of CO 2 Matter condenses when attractive intermolecular bond energies are comparable to or greater than thermal (i.e. kinetic) energy ~ kT. Image: