Present and Future Exploration of Primitive Bodies at the German Aerospace Center Ekkehard Kührt, Jens Biele (DLR)

with contributions of Gabriele Arnold, Ute Böttger, Matthias Grott, Joachim Flohrer, Gerhard Hahn, Alan Harris, Tra-Mi Ho, Heinz-Wilhelm Hübers, Jörg Knollenberg, Michael Mommert, Stefano Mottola, Detlef de Niem, Bernd Schäfer, Susanne Schröder, Klaus Seidensticker IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Outline Introduction Overview over DLR activities to primitive bodies DLR know how for space missions to asteroids and comets 3.1 Dedicated DLR technologies for exploration missions 3.2 Scientific instruments for space missions 3.3 Contributions to ESA and NASA and JAXA primitive body missions 3.4 National mission AsteroidFinder Ground based and space based observational activities Laboratory work Modeling activities Long-term scientific projects Summary IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Introduction DLR German Aerospace Center Research Institution Space Agency Project Management Agency IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

6900 employees across 31 institutes and facilities at 15 sites Offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington Primitive bodies’ exploration at DLR is concentrated in Institute of Planetary Research in Berlin Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC) in Cologne Institute of Space Exploration Systems in Bremen n Hamburg Stade n n Neustrelitz Bremen n n Trauen Berlin n Braunschweig n n Goettingen n Cologne n Bonn Lampoldshausen n Stuttgart n Augsburg n n Oberpfaffenhofen Weilheim n IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

2. Overview over DLR activities to primitive bodies Contributions to ESA, NASA and JAXA missions (Rosetta, DAWN, Hayabusa) Space technologies (lander, rover, moles) Ground and space based observations (VIS, IR) Exploration of Primitive Bodies at DLR Dedicated DLR missions (AsteroidFinder) Scientific studies (national, ESA) Laboratory work Modelling Space instruments (cameras, spectrometer, in situ experiments to mechanical, thermal, electrical properties) IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

3. DLR know how for space missions 3.1 Dedicated technologies Lander modules system competence test facilities heritage: Rosetta Philae (launch 2004), Mascot (Phase B), Netlander (concept study) IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Mole (for investigating sub-surface layers) up to 5 m penetration payload for thermal, mechanical and electrical properties measurements heritage: TRL5 level, GEMS (Discovery proposal), Selene II (proposal JAXA) Hammering device developed for MUPUS on Philae 35 cm penetration depth measurements of thermal properties Mobility rover wheels (development for ExoMars) hopping device (development for Mascot) IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

3.2 Scientific instruments for space missions Framing cameras lightweight high performance cameras for remote sensing, descent and in-situ observations heritage: Rosetta-Philae, DAWN, HRSC-SRC In-situ measurements on planetary surfaces thermal and mechanical properties heritage: Mupus on Rosetta-Philae, HP3 for GEMS Laser altimeter to measure surface topography heritage: BELA for BebiColombo IR spectrometer/radiometer for mineralogical composition and thermal properties heritage: MERTIS for BepiColombo DPUs and software heritage: Corot, Rosetta-Philae, Rosetta-Virtis IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

3.3 HW contributions to ESA, NASA and JAXA primitive body missions Rosetta (launch 2004) main responsibility for lander Philae 100 kg, 10 instruments anchoring, solar power, propulsion system PI instruments on lander MUPUS (T. Spohn) hammering mechanism (35 cm) thermal and mechanical properties SESAME (K. Seidensticker) seismic experiment, permittivity probe mechanical, structural and electrical properties ROLIS (S. Mottola) High-resolution miniature CCD camera for imaging the cometary surface with 0.3 mm/pixel bi-modal optics and 4-color LED illumination device IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

MASCOT for Hayabusa II (launch 2014) DAWN (launch 2007) Framing Camera (together with MPS Lindau) MASCOT for Hayabusa II (launch 2014) 10 kg lander with camera, thermal sensor and magnetometer target: NEA 1999JU3 (C-type) OSIRIS-REx (launch 2016) contributions to the Camera Suite IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

3.4 DLR mission AsteroidFinder DLR compact satellite mission with EMCCD-camera and 25 cm telescope detection of Inner Earth Objects (IEOs) with aphelion < 1 AU that are hardly to observe from ground (only 10 objects have been identified so far) orbit and size determination understanding the dynamical development of the planetary system simulation of the source regions of IEOs status: end of Phase B launch: 2014/15 Sun synchronous terminator orbit IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

4. Ground and space based observational activities Calar Alto 1.2 m telescope (Spain) 100 nights per year observing time, remote control high performance fast read-out CCD camera light curve photometry for the determination of the rotation state and shapes of asteroids (binary asteroids, NEOS, Trojans, spacecraft targets) follow-up astrometry of NEOs and comets Warm Spitzer (asteroid observations in thermal IR) utilizing the 'warmed up' Spitzer space telescope 3.6 µm and 4.5 µm bands aims: physical characterization of ~700 Near-Earth Asteroids (~88% completed) determination of size and albedo distributions IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Herschel: TNOs are Cool-Program utilizing the Herschel Space Telescope PACS (70-160 µm) and SPIRE (250-500 µm) bands aims: physical characterization of ~130 Transneptunian Objects (~95% completed) determination size and albedo distributions, investigation of specific objects of interest European Fireball Network 15 stations in Germany number of observed bright meteors is about 30/year orbit reconstruction for some fireballs IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

5. Laboratory work VIS and IR spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy spectral measurements in the VIS and IR of minerals and mineral-mixtures to support interpretation of asteroid Steins spectra studies of meteorites regolith’s texture and photometric properties contributions to data banks Raman spectroscopy non destructive investigation of minerals and biological samples Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) fast elemental analysis, sensitive to all elements IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

6. Modeling activities http://earn.dlr.de/nea thermophysical models of asteroids and comets to derive size, albedo, thermal properties, surface roughness and cometary activity photometric models to determine the rotation state and shapes of asteroids software tools to derive digital terrain models (DTM) of objects from a set of camera images tools for impact risk assessment and mitigation impact simulation tools models of the solar wind comet-interaction 2D hydrodynamic models of cometary comae models to describe some aspects of the chemical evolution in the solar nebula maintenance a data base of physical properties of NEAs http://earn.dlr.de/nea IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Simulation: pressure evolution after an impact of an asteroid (100 km diameter) on Earth within 485 s 2D Eulerian Multi Material Hydrodynamic Algorithm in Spherical Coordinates solves the balance equations for mass, momentum and energy treats several materials in a grid cell; here: granite for target and impactor and ideal gas for the atmosphere thermodynamics and other material properties enter through an equation of state (EOS); here: Tillitson EOS the impactor has 100 km diameter and enters with 20 km/s vertically total simulation time: 485 seconds after the impact, but crater formation is not finished in this time despite the enormous size the diameter and time of formation of the transient crater are within 10% of that predicted by Schmidt-Housen’s gravity scaling IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

7. Long-term scientific projects Impacts and Planetary evolution subtopic within the Helmholtz-Alliance "Planetary Evolution and Live" started in 2008, duration: 5 years international contributions modeling efforts, field and lab experiment work packages: Origin and distribution of water and organic matter in the Solar Nebula Transport of water and volatile matter to planets Hydrocode modeling of impacts and related shock experiments Chemistry in the impact vapor plume IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

The NEOShield Proposal submitted in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011 call for research proposals, deadline: 25th November 2010 category: “Prevention of impacts from near-Earth objects (NEOs) on our planet” after assessment (March 2011), NEOShield topped the list of 6 proposals submitted in the category total volume of NEOShield funding = 5.5 million Euro anticipated kick off = Jan. 2012, duration: 3.5 years consortium from DLR (coordinator), France, Russia, Spain, UK, USA Goals: Science physical properties of NEOs lab experiments on impacts numerical simulations: impact and momentum transfer IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Mitigation demonstration missions suitable mission targets: identify and characterize suitable target NEOs for mitigation demo missions. space mission design: provide detailed designs of technically and financially realistic missions to demonstrate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques, investigate mission funding and implementation options. Global response campaign roadmap impact threat response strategy developing a decision-making tool to aid in response planning developing a global response roadmap in collaboration with partners such as the UN, space agencies, etc. Faulkes Telescope N. © ESA © D. Durda / B612 Foundation IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

8. Summary The primitive body research at DLR is focused on hardware and scientific work for space projects to asteroids and comets. There are considerable involvements in current missions to minor bodies like ROSETTA (ESA) and DAWN (NASA) and in planned missions like OSIRIS-REx (NASA) and Hayabusa-2 (JAXA). DLR has initiated a compact satellite program and studies the AsteroidFinder mission for the detection of Inner Earth Objects (IEOs). The hardware expertise to explore minor bodies lies in the field of lander, rover and mole technologies. Concerning scientific instruments DLR has a long tradition in the design of cameras, spectrometers and in situ probes to analyze thermal and mechanical properties of planetary surfaces. DLR is operating a telescope in Spain to observe asteroids and is involved in observation campaigns for TNOs (with Herschel) and Near Earth Objects (with Warm Spitzer). IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Lab measurements are made to spectral properties of minerals, mineral- Lab measurements are made to spectral properties of minerals, mineral- mixtures and biological samples. Theoretical work to minor bodies comprises solar system evolution simulations, digital terrain models, models to mechanical and thermal properties of asteroids and comets, impact crater simulations, photometric models, studies to the physics and chemistry of cometary comae. Within the long-term international HGF Alliance "Planetary Evolution and Life" is a long-term the role of impacts of primitive bodies for the evolution of planets and life is studied. Together with partners from several European countries and USA DLR successfully submitted the NEOShield proposal in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011call. IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

The NeoShield Proposal Backup slides The NeoShield Proposal Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions FROM THE ROSETTA LANDER PHILAE TO AN ASTEROID HOPPER: LANDER CONCEPTS FOR SMALL BODIES MISSIONS IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

The NEOShield Proposal Submitted in response to the European Commission’s FP7-Space-2011 call for research proposals, deadline: 25th November 2010. Category: “Prevention of impacts from near-Earth objects (NEOs) on our planet” After assessment (March 2011), NEOShield topped the list of 6 proposals submitted in the category. Total volume of NEOShield funding = 5.5 million Euro. Funds provided by the European Commission = 4.0 million Euro. Final confirmation of funding is preceded by a phase of negotiation between the Consortium and the European Commission. Anticipated kick off = Jan. 2012 Duration: 3.5 years. IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

The NEOShield Project Brief description (1/2) PRIMARY AIM: investigate in detail the three most promising mitigation techniques: kinetic impactor, gravity tractor, blast deflection. Main themes/tasks of the project: 1. Science Physical properties of NEOs: Analyze properties from the point of view of mitigation requirements; estimate most likely properties of the next mitigation candidate; provide requirements for lab. impact experiments and modelling. Mitigation precursor reconnaissance: Determine requirements, strategy, instrumentation, for ground-based facilities and space missions. Lab. experiments on impacts - into asteroid surface analogue materials; validation of impact modelling at small scales. Numerical simulations: Impact and momentum transfer modelling scaled to realistic NEO sizes. © Patrick Michel Fraunhofer Ernst Mach Institute IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

The NEOShield Project Brief description (2/2) Main themes/tasks of the project (continued): 2. Mitigation demonstration missions Suitable mission targets: Identify and characterize suitable target NEOs for mitigation demo missions. Space mission design: Provide detailed designs of technically and financially realistic missions to demonstrate the effectiveness of mitigation techniques. Investigate mission funding and implementation options. 3. Global response campaign roadmap Impact threat response strategy: Develop a decision-making tool to aid in response planning. Develop a global response roadmap in collaboration with partners such as the UN, space agencies, etc. Faulkes Telescope N. © ESA © D. Durda / B612 Foundation IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

The NEOShield Consortium Participant organisation Leading personnel Country German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin Coordinating partner A. W. Harris Germany Observatoire de Paris (LESIA and IMCCE) LESIA: M. A. Barucci, M. Fulchignoni IMCCE: D. Hestroffer, W. Thuillot France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur) P. Michel Open University S. F. Green UK Fraunhofer – Ernst-Mach-Institut F. Schäfer Queen’s University Belfast A. Fitzsimmons Astrium (supervisory interface for technical work packages) W. Lork, A. Rathke P. Blanc-Paques P. D’arrigo Deimos Space J. L. Cano, L. F. Peñín Spain Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute D. Morrison USA TsNIIMash (Roscosmos) D. Payson, V. Emelyanov, B. Shustov Russia University of Surrey V. Lappas IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions J. Biele, S Update on Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions J. Biele, S. Ulamec German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany

Recap: 2011 Bucharest Workshop on Future Small Bodies Missions Discussing the Synergies Between Science, Planetary Defense, Exploration, and Commercial Interests 13th of May, 2011; Venue: Hotel Ibis, Bucharest, Romania Organizer: S. Ulamec; Co-organizers: P. Abell (NASA-JSC), J. Biele (DLR), D. Koschny (ESA) Participants: M. A´Hearn (Univ. Maryland), R. Armellin (Politec. Milano), J. Bellerose (NASAAmes),J. Cano (Deimos), I. Carnelli (ESA), A.C. Charania (SpaceWorks), A. Cheng (APL), G.Drolshagen (ESA), R. Franco (ESA), A. Fitzsimmons (Q.Univ. Belfast), C. Foster (NASA-Ames),V. Friedensen (NASA-HQ), A. Galvez (ESA), J. Gil-Fernandez (GMV)M. Graziano (GMV), A.Herique (IPAG-Grenoble), L. Johnson (NASA-HQ), A. Klesh (JPL), G. Klingelhöfer (Uni.Mainz), C. Krause (DLR), R. Landis (NASA-GSFC), M. Lavagna (Politec. Milano), A. Mainzer (JPL), P. Michel (Obs. Côte d´Azur), D. Morrison (NASA), C. Plesko (LANL), J.-Y. Prado (CNES), C. Reed (APL), D. Schmanke (Uni. Mainz), W. Schmidt (FMI), R. Tremayne-Smith (UKSA), W. Wittholt (FU-Hagen), A. Zimmer (Univ. Stuttgart) IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Summary and conclusions The results, summarized hereafter, shall provide an input for the preparation of the ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level 2012, identifying a strategy to implement a mission, serving all three communities and defining the area, where European effort would be implemented most efficiently in a broader international context. Within ESA it is recommended to propose a mission for the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) Programme. This will be part of a wide international effort of NEO related activities. IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Main points 1.) There is a clear overlap regarding missions serving science, the development of mitigation techniques, and exploration. Synergies shall be used. (See viewgraphs, attachment 2) 2.) Essential pre-requisites for science, mitigation, and exploration are a) Survey (note that currently there are only 1 ± 1 possible targets for human explorationidentified!) b) Characterization of (a variety of) asteroids (and comets), both via ground based and space based systems 3) In the given international context activities for survey (emphasis in the US) and NEO characterization including science driven missions, e.g. OsirisREx, MarcoPolo-R, Hayabusa 1 and 2 and various additional mission proposals) are already foreseen. However, there is a lack for plans to actually realize a mitigation demonstration mission. 4) It is therefore recommended by the participants of the workshop to introduce a Mitigation Demonstration Mission (using spin off from Don Quijote study) into the ESA Space Situational Awareness (SSA) programme of ESA. Possible coordination with other programs (e.g. Exploration or Technology) is to be further investigated. 5) Such a mission will gain wider attractiveness by including a science payload (which would not drive the core mission), including instruments of relevance for human exploration (e.g. radiation monitor; Matroshka tbc). Public outreach and education may be an aspect to be considered. Summary: The participants of the workshop encourage an effort to introduce a Mitigation Demonstration Mission to the coming ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level, to be held 2012. IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Further notes, actions There are a number of international working groups targeting the coordination of NEO related space activities. In particular the International Primitive Body Exploration Working Group (IPEWG) and the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) are identified as relevant for this discussion within our group. The various positions and emphasis with respect to NEO activities of each of the working groups should be summarized (AI: P. Abell) and the communications flow between those identified groups needs to be guaranteed and coordinated. A follow-on meeting to this workshop may take place co-located with the next IPEWG meeting, August 2011 tbc. An additional briefing for the ESA Council Meeting at Ministerial level is considered important in the time frame October/November 2011. Invitations will be sent by summer. It is recommended to explicitly inform the EU on the described activities. Appropriate means to exchange information on NEO related activities between the European Commission, ESA, and National Space Agencies should be established. IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

ftp IP: 129.247.247.145 Name: philae.dlr.de Account: jeder Password: 2014CG67 Directory to read: /Small bodies workshop/2011 Directory to write to: pub/ (data there are deleted in regular intervals) IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

FROM THE ROSETTA LANDER PHILAE TO AN ASTEROID HOPPER: LANDER CONCEPTS FOR SMALL BODIES MISSIONS S. Ulamec, J. Biele German Aerospace Center (DLR), Köln, Germany,

Outline The investigation of small bodies, comets and asteroids, can contribute substantially to our understanding of the formation and history of the Solar System. In situ observations by Landers play an important role in this field. The Rosetta Lander – Philae – is currently on its way to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Philae is an example of a ~100 kg landing platform, including a complex and highly integrated payload, consisting of 10 scientific instruments. Other lander designs, more lightweight and with much smaller payload are currently investigated in the frame of a number of missions to small bodies in the Solar System. Example: MASCOT for Hayabusa-2 ( poster) We will address a number of possible concepts, including mobile surface packages. IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Background on small-body landers Historically, there are only two missions which reached the surface of a small body: the NEAR spacecraft touched down on asteroid Eros and Hayabusa attempted to take samples from the surface of Itokawa and recently returned to Earth. In-situ probes can deliver a much higher scientific return if mobility is possible to explore more than one site. We discuss mobility concepts for low-gravity environments including current developments (the MASCOT hopper). Missions aiming for sample return, e.g., asteroid sample return mission Hayabusa-2 , can be significantly enhanced by the implementation of in-situ surface packages  help to constrain the geological and physical context of the samples, provide a hold on the evolutionary history of the body by probing its interior. Mobility can even “scout” the most interesting sampling sites on the surface IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Lander strategies Impactor / Penetrator: not considered! „Classical Lander“ with landing legs or platform (e.g. Philae, Phobos-Grunt) Hopper (e.g. Phobos Hopper, MASCOT) Opening shell (derivative from Mars Netlander) „Orbiter Landing“ (e.g. Hayabusa) IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

IPEWG 2011, Pasadena

Lander FM Thermal-Vacuum Test at IABG, October 2001 IPEWG 2011, Pasadena