The Timecourse of Morphological Processing: Base and surface frequency effects in speed-accuracy tradeoff designs Jennifer Vannest University of Michigan Thanks: Rick Lewis Keith Johnson Univ. of Michigan Cognitive Science/Cognitive Neuroscience University of Michigan fMRI Center

Whole-word vs. decompositional processing in lexical access of complex words Dual-route models suggest that both whole-word and decomposed access representations are used. However, these models generally do not make claims about the timecourse of processing.

Base and Surface Frequency Effects (Taft 1979, Bradley 1979) Variation in Base Frequency: agreeable profitable Variation in Surface Frequency: acceptable drinkable

Base Frequency effects have been interpreted to indicate morpheme-by- morpheme processing Use Base and Surface frequency as predictors in regression analysis - allows for more stimuli and a wider range of frequencies -- treat frequency as a continuous variable

Speeded Lexical Decision Task VisualDecision PresentationResponseAuditoryResponse of WordDelayCue( target 400ms) SUITABLE e.g. 500 ms Beep! YES or NO

Response Delays: 150, 300, 500, 700 ms - Response delays are randomized and vary across participants for a given item - Participants are asked to respond within 400 ms, and given RT feedback - Response times and error rates at each delay can be predicted from base and surface frequency

Previous Work: Suffixed Words Derivational suffixes: -ness (20) -less (16) -able (30) -ity (16) Inflection: -ed (30) Matched as closely as possible for length, base and surface frequency

Previous Work: Fillers: - 40 monomorphemic words -nonwords: 40% (25 % of those with some morphological structure)

RT and Percentage Errors by Delay Condition

RTsurf-ity freq-able effect -ness base freq-able effect-less -ed

Error Rate surf -ity freq effect -ness base freq-able effect-less -ness -ed

General Patterns: Suffixed words can be sensitive to both base and surface frequency very early in processing (150 ms). Effects of base and surface frequency may appear in response times, error rates, or both. Effects on error rates are more common at longer delays. As in standard lexical decision, patterns of frequency effects reveal differences according to linguistic properties. (e.g. surface frequency effects for –ity, base effects for -ed)

However… The pattern of effects for individual suffixes thus far has been too messy to be informative about the timecourse of processing. This task is difficult! That fact, in combination with relatively low proportions of “complex” nonwords may have led to task-specific strategies. Better controls for noise and strategic effects…

Derivational suffixes: -ness (40) -less (60) -able (60) -ity (60) Inflection: -ed (60) Matched as closely as possible for length, base and surface frequency

Fillers: -100 monomorphemic words -nonwords: 47.5% -63.5% of these had some morphological structure Varied presentation rate along with response delay Delay conditions organized into a block design

Block Design: Response delay for a given item was varied between subjects Each subject saw 25% of the items at each response delay Each word type was evenly distributed over the 4 response delays The order of the response delay sections was pseudo-randomized so that it never consistently increased or decreased

RT and Percentage Errors by Delay Condition

RTsurf-ity freq effect -ness -ed base-ity freq-able effect -less -ness -ed

Error Rate surf-ity freq effect -ness -ed base-ity freq-able effect -less -ness -ed

-block design makes -Block Design replicates many of the patterns of effects from the earlier studies -Except for –ity response time effects, base frequency effects always occur consecutively with or before surface frequency effects -Base frequency predicted errors for all words (including –ity!) -Early sensitivity to morphological structure -Differences in processing for linguistically different suffix types

Different neural processing systems for “decomposable” suffixed words? Ullman et al (1997) and Ullman (2001) suggest a role of the basal ganglia and left frontal areas in processing regular suffixes

Future Directions - High accuracy suggests that this task can be performed even faster – further investigation of error effects -Use a wider range of suffixes -Further manipulation of fillers/strategic effects