Freenet A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System Ian Clarke Oskar Sandberg Brandon Wiley Theodore W.Hong

Introduction Network Computer Systems grow in importance. Current systems offer little user privacy. Every new data item stored in only one or few places.

Freenet A distributed information storage and retrieval system. Privacy concerns. No central point failures. Operates as a distributed file system across many individual computers. Transparent moving, deleting, replication of data

Freenet Design Goals Anonymity for producer and consumer of information. Deniability for storers of information. Resistance to attempts by third parties to deny access to information. Efficient Dynamic storage and routing of information. Network functions decentralization.

Roadmap Architecture  Keys and Searching  Retrieving Data  Storing Data  Managing Data  Adding Nodes Protocol Details Performance Analysis  Network Convergence  Scalability  Fault Tolerance  Small World Model Security

Architecture ( 1 / 2) Freenet implemented as an adaptive peer to peer network of nodes. Nodes can query each other for information store or retrieval. Files named after location independent keys. Each node maintains :  Shared Datastore  Routing Table of entries ( node address, possible data keys ).

Architecture ( 2 / 2) Requests for keys are passed along from node to node through a chain of proxy requests. Routes depend on the key. Each request is assigned a hops-to-live value. Each request is assigned a pseudo-unique random identifier. Joining to the network requires address discovering of some nodes.

Keys And Searching Freenet data files are identified by binary file keys. Binary file keys obtained by 160bit SHA- 1. Three Types of keys 1. Keyword-Signed Key (KSK) 2. Signed-Subspace Kay ( SSK ) 3. Content Hash Key ( CHK )

Keyword-Signed Key (KSK) ( ½) KSK derived from a descriptive string of the file. The descriptive string is chosen when storing the file. Based on the descriptive string a public/private key pair is generated. Public half is hashed to yield the file key. Private half ensures the match of a retrieved file – sign of the file.

Keyword-Signed Key (KSK) (2/2) The user publishes only the descriptive string. Problem : Global namespace. Collisions, junk file under popular descriptive strings. The file is encrypted using the descriptive string as a key.

Signed-Subspace Key ( SSK ) (1/2) Attacks global namespace problems. A user creates a namespace by randomly generating a public/private key pair. File insertion based on the private half. File key generation process 1. Public namespace key and descriptive string hashed independently 2. XOR’ed together 3. Hash the XOR result.

Signed-Subspace Key ( SSK ) (2/2) Private half used to sign the file. User publishes the descriptive string along with the subspace’s public key. Storing data requires the private key. The file is encrypted using the descriptive string as a key.

Content Hash Key ( CHK ) A content hash key is acquired by directly hashing the contents of the corresponding file. This assigns a pseudo unique file key. Files are encrypted using a randomly generated hash key. User publishes the content hash key along with the decryption key. The decryption key is not stored together with the file.

Retrieving Data (1/3) Downstream node : Node to which a request will be passed. Upstream node : Node to which a reply/data returns. Process of retrieving data  User initiates a request of the form ( binary file key, hops-to-live)  The request is send to “his” node.  If found the data is returned with a note indicating who was the source

Retrieving Data (2/3) Continued  If not found, the request is propagated to the next node.  If found in the next node, the data is returned back across the path established. Data cached on every intervening node.  New route entries are created. Failures  If downstream node “down”, current node tries it’s second choice.  If hops-to-live exceeded, failure message returned to the original requestor.

Retrieving Data (3/3)

Effects of the data retrieve process After some “queries” nodes will specialize in few sets of similar keys. – Similar : Lexicographically. Nodes will specialize in storing clusters of files with similar keys. Popular data will be transparently replicated near the “requesting” nodes. As nodes process requests, new route entries are created – Connectivity increased.

Lexicographic closeness = Data closeness ? Lexicographic closeness does not imply descriptive string closeness. E.g Hash keys AH5JK2, AH5JK3, AH5JK5 will most probably refer to completely unrelated files. This scattering was actually intended in order to attach central points of failures.

Storing Data ( 1/ 2) Storing data is similar to the process of retreving data. Calculate the binary file key, specify hops-to-live. Hops-to-live specifies the number of nodes where the data will be stored. Nodes accept insert proposals. If the key is found, the node returns the pre- existing file to the requestor.

Storing Data ( 2/ 2) If key not found, the node propagates the request to the next route based on key lexicographic distances. When hops-to-live reached, a ‘all clear message’ is sent to the original requestor. The requestor then sends the data to be stored. This data is cached on every node along the established path. Also route entries are created. Same case of failure as with the retrieve process.

Effects of the storing Mechanism 1. New files are cached on nodes that have already stored files with similar keys. 2. Newly added nodes can use the store mechanism to announce their existence. 3. Attackers that may try to insert junk files under existing keys will simply spread the pre-existing files.

Data Management ( ½) Finite storage space. Finite route table space. Storage managed by LRU. When a new files comes to be stored and no space available – LRU entries deleted. Inconsistency between Storage space and route tables. Routing table entries are deleted in the same fashion.

Data Management (2/2) No guarantee for file lifetime. Nodes can decide to completely drop a data file. Encryption of storage files : political – legal reasons.

Adding Nodes ( ½) A new node can join the network by discovering the address of one or more existing nodes. New nodes must “announce” their existence. Existing nodes would like to know to which keys they should assign the new nodes.

Adding Nodes (2/2) Process of joining A Freenet System  Candidate node calculates a random seed  Sends a message to an existing node containing it’s address and the hash of the seed.  The node that accepts this message generates a seed XORs it with the hash value of the message and sends it to a randomly chosen node.  When hops-to-live become 0, all nodes reveal their seeds.  All seeds are XORed to produce the new node’s key.

Freenet Protocol Based on messages. Message form Depth counter incremented at every hop. Used be the replying node to ensure that the message will reach the requestor.

Request Data The requestor sends a Request.Data message including the search key. In case of a successful search, the source of the data responds to the upstream node with a Send.Data message. In case of unsuccessful search or hops-to-live exhausted, Reply.NotFound message is sent. If the request reached a dead end or loop detected and HTL not 0, a Request.Continue message is sent back to the upstream node containing the remaining HTL. The upstream node sends a Request.Restart message to the an upstream node.

Store Data The requesting node sends a Request.Insert message which contains the proposed key. The store message is propagated from node to node based on route entries. In case of a collision a Send.Data message or a Reply.NotFound message is sent back. If now more nodes can be accessed but there are HTL, a Request.Continue message is sent. If HTL become 0 without having encoutered a collision, a Reply.Insert message is propagated to the upstream node.

Performance Analysis Network Convergence Scalability Fault Tolerance Small World Model

Network Convergence (1/2) 1000 nodes.50 items datastore each and a routing table of 150 entries. Each node hash routing entries only for his two closest neighbours. Random keys were inserted to random nodes. Every 100 time steps, 300 random requests for previously inserted files were performed.HTL=500. Request pathlength = Number of hops taken before finding the data.

Network Convergence (2/2)

Scalability (1/2) 20 nodes were used initially. Inserts and requests were performed randomly as previously. Every 5 time steps a new node was created and inserted to the network. The announcement message was sent to a randomly chosen node.

Scalability (2/2).

Fault tolerance (1/2) Network of 1000 nodes. Progressively removed randomly chosen nodes to simulate node failures. Freenet is extremely robust against node failures. The median pathlength remains below 20 even when up to 30% of the nodes have failed.

Fault tolerance (2/2)

Small World Networks Model The majority of the nodes have a few local connections to other nodes. Few nodes have large wide ranging connections. Nodes are well connected – short paths among them. Small world networks are fault tolerant.

Is Freenet a small world? There must be a scale-free power-law distribution of links within the network.

Security issues Primary goal is protecting the anonymity of both requestors and inserters of data. Protect the identity of the node that holds some specific data. If a malicious user intends to remove a data file, he is hindered by the anonymity of the node that holds the file.

Basic Freenet Sender anonymity exposed to a local eavesdropper. Sender anonymity preserved when there is a set of malicious collaborating nodes. Receiver Anonymity is in essence key anonymity. Key anonymity exposed both to a local eavesdropper and a set of malicious collaborating nodes

Free net – Prerouting Freenet Messages are encrypted by a succession of public keys which determine the route that message will follow. Nodes along the route cannot determine either the originator of the message or its contents( since encrypted ). After the end of the prerouting phase, the message will be inserted into the Freenet pretending that the endpoint of the preroute was the originator of the message.

Data sources Protection While a node replies to its upstream node that he is the source of some file, he can intentionally hide his address. A node replying for a data file is sure to be the source. It is possibly propagating the data file. Requesting a file with HTL = 1 is not a threat.

Other security concerns Modification of requested files. A node steering all the traffic to itself pretending it owns all the data files. DoS Attacks.  Attempting to exhaust the storage space. “pay” a long computation. Divide datastore to a “new files” section and to a “established files” section.

Conclusions Effective means of anonymus information storage and retrieval. Highly scalable.