UNIT ONE

 First People lived more than TWO million years ago  PREHISTORY: time before WRITING was invented  Prehistoric times – also known as: OLD STONE AGE or PALEOLITHIC AGE  People were known as NOMADS {people who moved from place to place hunting/gathering food}

 Made TOOLS & WEAPONS {sticks/spears from stone, bone, wood}  Developed LANGUAGE {able to communicate}  Used FIRE {cooking, warmth, protection}  Made CLOTHING {using animal skins}

 Early man lived in EAST AFRICA {present day Ethiopia/Tanzania}  Man migrated north to Europe and east to Asia  Eventually separate cultures developed – as cultures came in contact with one another CULTURAL DIFFUSION developed

In prehistoric times, bands of humans that lived near one another began to  develop shared ways of doing things: common ways of dressing,  Similar hunting practices  Favorite animals to eat.  These shared traits were the first beginnings of what anthropologists and historians call culture.  Culture is the way of life of a group of people.  Culture includes common practices of a society, its shared understandings, and its social organization.  By overcoming individual differences, culture helps to unify the group.

 Exchange of IDEAS, CUSTOMS, and GOODS among various cultures  3 ways cultural diffusion occurs: 1. MIGRATION 2. TRADE 3. WAR

 Began about 10,000 years ago  Environmental changes brought WARMER WEATHER  Transition from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement  Two Major Changes: 1. FARMING – learned to grow land 2. DOMESTICATION of ANIMALS

 People no longer had to wander for food – led to: A. Permanent Settlements – people sheltered together in villages B. New Social Classes –divisions in power C. New Technology –new tools, wheel, plow, metal

 Also known as the NEW STONE AGE  Considered one of the greatest turning points in history – changed the way people lived – from food gathering to food producing – this change is also known as the AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

 As people began to settle in one place – growth of villages led to cities and then rise of civilizations  Civilization Characteristics: 1. ADVANCED CITIES – centers of trade for large area 2. SPECIALIZED WORKERS –skills for certain work { example : traders, priests, soldiers, gov’t officials} 3. COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS – long-lasting patterns of organization {gov’t system of ruling, religion, economics, education} 4. RECORD KEEPING – organized and accurate 5. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY –new tools/techniques

 FERTILE CRESCENT “Land Between Two Rivers”  TIGRIS and EUPHRATES RIVERS

 3300 B.C. Sumerians 1.Dug irrigation ditches 2. Built City Walls 3. Traded

 Pyramid shaped monument  “mountain of god”  Conducted rituals temple, sacrifices offerings to Gods

 POLYTHEISTIC  Over 3000 Gods example: ENLIL God of storms/air  Wanted Gods protection in life

 Long narrative poem celebrating deeds of heroes

 1. Priests/Kings 2. Wealthy Merchants  3. Workers 4. Slaves  Women- more rights than later civilizations – hold property, pursue work, join priesthood, not allowed to attend schools – upper class could read & write

 WHEEL,SAIL,PLOWW RITING, BRONZE WORKS,NUMBER SYSTEM (60)  Arithmetic 1.build city walls 2.plan irrigation systems 3.survey flooded fields

 ARCHES, COLUMNS, RAMPS,ZIGGURAT  Writing – CUNEIFORM used clay tablets

Babylonian King B.C.  Single code of laws 282 specific laws written in stone different punishments for rich/poor

 River – NILE  King Menes – united Upper/Lower established first dynasty  Egyptian God-Kings =Pharaohs  Theocracy – type of govt rule is based on religious authority

 Tombs for Kings largest at Giza 481 ft high 13 acres long *showed economic strength, Technology, organized govt

 POLYTHEISTIC more than 2000 gods  Ex: RE – sun god OSIRIS – god of the dead ISIS – goddess ideal mother & wife

 Embalming/drying corpse to prevent decay, believed soul returns later  Buried with possessions

 1. King/Queen/Royal Family  2. Upper class – wealthy landowners,gov’t officials, priests  3. Middle Class – merchants,artisans  4. Lower Class – farmers,peasants  Women – many of same rights,own/trade property,divorce

 Hieroglyphics – pictures=ideas Rosetta Stone – used to decipher  writing surface - PAPYRUS

 Calendar  Geometry  Cosmetics  Heart/pulse rate  Splints  Surgery  Treatment -fevers

 River – INDUS  Climate – monsoons seasonal winds; cycle of wet/dry seasons  Writing – not known have yet to decipher

 Planned cities – precise grid system  Citadel- protection, temple, major buildings

 Private bathroom/toilet (brick w/wood seat)  Pipes connected carried wastewater to underground sewer system

 Language impossible to decipher 400 symbols found on stamps/seals  Social Divisions not great  Artifacts – clay/wooden toys, few weapons  Animals important part of culture  Religion- link to Hinduism  Traded with Mesopotamians

 Shifts Tectonic Plates – earthquakes, Floods altered river T rade-impossible Agriculture – soil overused prevented large harvests

 River – Huang He (Yellow River)  Isolation – natural geographic barriers ex: Pacific Ocean, Himalaya Mts, Gobi Desert, Plateau of Tibet – cut off China from other civilizations

 Chinese – others “Barbarians”  Center of the world – “MIDDLE KINGDOM”

 Family central to society  Respect for parents, elders, men  Men controlled property  Women had to obey fathers/husbands arranged marriages

 POLYTHEISTIC  Spirits of ancestors had power  Gods were consulted through the use of “oracle bones” which predicted the future

 Very complicated 10,000 characters hard to learn – time consuming – usually only the rich had time to memorize  Benefit – unified system throughout China

 Right to rule came from GODS “Mandate of Heaven” Dynastic Cycle  1 st Dynasty – Shang  2 nd Dynasty - Zhou

 Roads/Canals  Coined Money  Silk  Tools – sickles, knives, spades  Blast furnaces –cast iron