Nuclear Bombs Atomic, Hydrogen, and Neutron

Atomic Bomb Manhattan Project (1939 to 1945) – Robert Oppenheimer – Response to Nazi Germany Atomic bomb tested on July 16 th, 1945 – Los Alamos – “The Gadget” Uranium-235 and process of fission Dropped on Japan – “Little Boy” – “Fate Man”

Japan Attacks: Hiroshima Hiroshima bomb called “Little Boy” – August 6 th, 1945 – Aircraft called Enola Gay – 16 kilotons of TNT – 70,000 to 80,000 people died initially – Japanese 2 nd General Army causalities – 12 American deaths Gun-type fission weapon made with Uranium-235

Japan Attacks: Nagasaki Bomb’s named was “Fat Man” – (August 10 th, 1945) Exploded between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works and Mitsubishi and the Urakami Ordnance Works Killed between 40,000 and 75,000 people initially 21 kiloton yield and – generated heat equivalent to 3,900 degrees Celsius

Robert Oppenheimer “I have become death...the destroyer of worlds.”

Impact on Japan Japan surrendered 6 days after the bombing of Nagasaki September 2 nd, 1945 – Officially ending World War II – Japan adopted Three Non- Nuclear Principles 90,000 to 160,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki died ½ the deaths resulted on the first day – 60% from fire flashes

Hydrogen Bomb Created by Edward Teller – Bomb was created in 1952 Heat of atomic bomb would ignite the hydrogen – A canister would divide the atomic bomb and hydrogen fuel Experimental bomb “Mike” – Bikini atoll – November 1 st, 1952 – Vaporized the island of Elugelab – 700 times the power of the atomic bomb dropped at Hiroshima – Radioactive mud and acid rain fell – Area of 27 miles high and 8 miles wide

Neutron Bomb Created by Edward Teller Designed by Samuel Cohen Tested on 1963 at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory – Test underground, 70 miles away from Las Vegas Added to the United States arsenal Fusion process and x-ray mirrors and an inert shelling case – Bombs are significantly smaller, but still offer a similar kilotons of energy

Soviet Union August 29 th, “Joe One”; copycat of “Fat Man” Soviet Spies (Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs) – Captured intelligence from Manhattan Project True hydrogen bomb test on November 22 nd, 1955 with a 1.6 megaton blast October 23 rd, 1961 another bomb with a yield of 58 megatons October 4 th, 1957 – The Soviet Union launched Sputnik into Earth’s orbit – America responded on October 31 st, 1959 with their own missile launch

Potsdam Conference July 24 th, 1945 – An agreement between GB and US waited to inform Stalin about the Manhattan Project – Feared Stalin would risk information to German Spies However, Stalin had a ring of spies (Theodore Hall and Klaus Fuchs) – Spies provided information for hydrogen bomb and implosion bomb – Stalin wasn’t mad as expected, at the conference

BRAVO Test March 1 st, 1954 (another hydrogen bomb at the Bikini Atoll Explosion “underestimated” – 14.8 megatons rather than 5 megatons – Largest test done by the United States – Blast reached 300 miles away – Affected U.S soldiers and unfortunate residents Japanese fishermen

Duck and Cover Produced in 1951 by the United States federal government’s Civil Defense

Overall Outcome Nuclear Arms race ( ) United States and Soviet Union realized they had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other Mutual Assured Destruction – The Soviet Union and the United States realized that they would severally damage each other – This realization prevent the use of nuclear weapons United States resisted use of nuclear weapons during Korean War – President Eisenhower opposed use of nukes Non-Proliferation Treaty (today’s goals)

Name: Jacob Pasley Date: 4/24/13 Period: #6