ANTHROPOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMANITY FROM ITS EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS TO TODAY’S CULTURAL DIVERSITY

KEY CONCEPT CULTURE KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO ACT AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY KNOWLEDGE OF EXPECTATIONS KNOWLEDGE OF APPROPRIATE AND WRONGFUL ACTIONS

ANTHROPOLOGY FOCUSES ON STUDY OF HUMANS AND ALL ASPECTS OF BEING HUMAN FIELD HAS MANY CONCEPTS AND SUBJECTS IN COMMON WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES KEY CONCEPTS DISTINGUISH ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

KEY TERMS SOCIETY CULTURE COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE ETHNOCENTRISM CULTURAL RELATIVISM GLOBALIZATION

SOCIETY SHARED GEOGRAPHICAL TERRITORY PEOPLE LIVING IN ORGANIZED GROUPS WITH SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND EXPECTATION OF BEHAVIOR RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS

UNIQUE SOCIAL SCIENCE Time Depth Global Focus Comparative Approach Holistic Four Field Approach Core Concept of Culture Globalization

HOLISTIC View Cultures from holistic perspective Culture as integrated whole. No part of culture can be studied in isolation Study culture means studying the relationship between Things

EXAMPLE OF HOLISM Arrangement of Furniture in USA reflects core cultural value of individualism Arrangement of rooms is directly related to marriage and family patterns which in turn related to way Americans earn a living Individual bedrooms reflect value on individualism & consistent with an economy where families are dependent on individual wage earners

COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Anthropology is basically comparative bases its findings on cultural data drawn from throughout the world and from throughout human history Collect data about behavior and beliefs in many societies in order the diversity of human cultures Also, to understand common patterns in ways people adapt to their environment, adjust to their neighbors, and develop cultural institutions

BENEFITS OF COMPARATIVE VIEW Challenge commonly held assumptions about human life- ways based solely on European and North American perspective For Example “Marriage” Cultural Institution Monogamy not the preferred type of marriage in majority of societies

CULTURE Learned values, beliefs, rules of conduct shared to some extent by the members of society, that govern their behavior with one another and their thinking about themselves and the world. Everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society All cultures are comprised of material objects; ideas, values, attitudes and patterned ways of behaving.

Four Fields ARCHAEOLOGY BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

ARCHAEOLOGY STUDY OF PAST CULTURES PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC RELAY ON EVIDENCE (ARTIFACTS) FROM MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE SITES WHERE PEOPLE LIVED EVIDENCE REALS HOW PEOPLE LIVED AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GROUPS OF PEOPLE.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS STUDY OF LANGUAGE AND THE SPEAKERS USE OF LANGUAGE AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CULTURE AND SOCIETY CULTURE IS LEARNED THROUGH LANGUAGE HISTORIC AND DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Biological Anthropology Study of Human origins (evolution) and contemporary Human variation Primate social organization Interface between biology and culture. Ex Andes greater lung capacity adaptation to low oxygen

HUMAN VARIATION “Race” is always a social not a biological concept Conventional Classification of “Races” is pseudoscience. Hair texture, skin color and facial characteristics are arbitrary and randomly selected Skin tone is function of evolutionary adaptation to climate Race as conventionally used is wrong!

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGIST MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGIST BRIDGES DISCIPLINE OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND BIOLOGY STUDIES SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN POPULATION TO SPECIFIC DISEASE STUDIES HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY SUB-FIELD WITHIN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY ANALYZE HUMAN REMAINS IN SERVICE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND FAMILIES OF DISASTER VICTIMS HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES GENOCIDE

APPLIED ARCHAEOLOGY CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO PRESERVE AND PROTECT HISTORIC STRUCTURES AND PREHISTORIC SITES OUTGROWTH OF FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS TO PROTECT PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SITES

CONTRACT ARCHAEOLOGY APPLICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY TO ASSES THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES SALVAGE ARCHAEOLOGY

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY The ways people organize their living in societies The study of cultural behavior in recent and contemporary cultures Ethnology-building theories to explain cultural practices based on comparative study of societies throughout the world Ethnography, a holistic intensive study of groups, through observation, interview and participation

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY ETHNOGRAPHY ETHNOGRAPHER FIELD WORK PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

ETHNOCENTRISM The widespread human tendency to perceive to perceive the ways of doing things and beliefs about things in one’s culture as normal and natural and that of others as strange, inferior, and possibly un-natural One’s own culture is superior, the best and others are inferior Everybody everywhere is a little ethnocentric

CULTURAL RELATIVISM Counters Ethnocentrism Stresses the importance of analyzing cultures in their own terms rather than in terms of the culture of the anthropologist This does not mean that all cultural practices, cultural beliefs and behaviors can be condone Different from ethical relativism—all right and wrong relative to time, place, and culture so that no moral judgments of behavior can be made

GLOBALIZATION DISTINGUISHES ANTHROPOLOGY FROM OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES CULTURAL CONTACT AND CONTACT CHANGES SPECIFIC CULTURES RAPID TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURES WORLD WIDE IN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCES

GLOBALIZATION OCCURRED IN THE PAST WHEN STATES AND EMPIRES EXPANDED THEIR INFLUENCE BEYOND THEIR BOARDERS COLONIALISM CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION BASED ON INTERCONNECTED ECONOMIES CHANGE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL

AMERICANIZATION BY PRODUCT OF GLOBALIZATION THE SPREAD OF DOMINANT AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN CULTURAL PRACTICES, CONSUMERISM, CULTURAL ICONS, AND MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT