1 Overview of traffic-related pedestrian and bicyclist injuries in Hawaii Dan Galanis Injury Prevention and Control Program Hawaii Department of Health 1250 Punchbowl St., Room 214 Honolulu, HI Ph:

2 Overview of presentation Fatal traffic crashes –State/national comparisons (CDC data) –Overall data (FARS) Trends, county comparisons Contributing factors: speeding, alcohol use, helmets, time, Non-fatal traffic crashes –County comparisons, trends, age, contributing factors MVAR/DOT crash data –Descriptions of injuries Hospital and emergency department (ED) records

3 Pedestrian fatality rates (/million residents), by state, HI All ages: Pedestrian fatality rate for Hawaii: (5 th nationally) Rate for rest of U.S.: 84.7/million Rate/ million HI Rate/ million Ages 65+ years: Pedestrian fatality rate for Hawaii: (1 st nationally) Rate for rest of U.S.: 142.6/million 46% HI fatalities are seniors

4 Annual number of traffic-related pedestrian fatalities in Hawaii, by county and age group,

5 RISK FACTORS from FARS, for fatally injured pedestrians Peak times –5:30 a.m. to 7:30 a.m.: 28 deaths (19%) Most (71%) were senior-aged victims –6:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m.: 36 deaths (25%) Most (61%) were under 60 years of age Alcohol –Involved in at least 23% of deaths (26% of those tested) 18% of pedestrians positive for alcohol (15% >0.11 BAC) –Involved in 50% of nighttime (8:30pm to 3:30am) crashes 38% of pedestrians positive for alcohol (30% >0.13 BAC) –Alcohol use more common among younger: 32% for victims under age 65 vs. 5% for seniors male victims: 27% vs. 7% for females Hawaii County victims: 39%

6 Pedestrian fatalities in Hawaii, : Alcohol involvement, by time of crash and age of victim. Legend: red = alcohol-related (x=ped, square=driver) green = no alcohol in crash blue = unknown

7 RISK FACTORS from FARS, for fatally injured pedestrians (cont.) Environment –Two-thirds (64%) hit on non-junction sections of road 35% in intersections –Around one-fourth (27%) in crosswalks, 19% at intersections 51% hit outside of crosswalk or intersection Senior-aged victims more likely to be hit in crosswalks (38%) and intersections (52%) –Almost half (46%) occurred on 25 mph road or lower Only 16% were 40 mph or faster Contributing factors –60% of pedestrians erroneously in roadway Most commonly improper crossing, “jaywalking” (36%) –47% of drivers made errors Most commonly being “inattentive (26%), or “failure to yield right of way” (16%), or speeding (11%)

8 Non-fatal pedestrian crashes in Hawaii,

9 The “injury pyramid” for pedestrian injuries in Hawaii, Deaths 1 (30/yr.) Hospitalizations 6 : 1 death (~190/yr.) Emergency department visits 15 : 1 death (~450/yr.) Traffic crashes (police attended) 18 : 1 death (~500/yr., including 180 “possible” injuries)

10 Annual number of non-fatal traffic-related pedestrian crashes in Hawaii, by county,

11 Time of day non-fatal traffic-related pedestrian crashes in Hawaii,

12 Number and rate of non-fatal traffic-related pedestrian crashes in Hawaii,

13 Length of stay for patients with non-fatal pedestrian injuries in Honolulu County, by age group,

14 Non-fatal traffic-related pedestrian crashes in Hawaii, : Contributing factors, pedestrian vs. drivers.

15 Who?Age: 65 and older for fatalities, 5-14 year-olds and seniors for non-fatal crashes. Gender: fairly equal distribution. Where? Honolulu has slightly higher rates of fatal injuries among seniors and non-fatal injuries among all ages. Usually not in intersections, not in crosswalks When? Morning rush hour and 2:00-6:00 p.m. Why?FARS: Contributing factors roughly equal between pedestrians (jaywalking), and drivers (failure to yield, inattentive). Alcohol also a factor, especially in night time crashes. Summary of pedestrian injury data.

16 Bicycle crashes in Honolulu County,

17 Bicyclists fatality rates (/million residents), by state, HI Bicyclist fatality rate for Hawaii: 23.5 (2 nd nationally) Rate for rest of U.S.: 12.2/million Rate/ million

18 The “injury pyramid” for bicyclist injuries in Hawaii, Deaths 1 (6/yr.) Hospitalizations 9 : 1 death (~50/yr.) Emergency department visits 37 : 1 death (~205/yr.) Traffic crashes (police attended) 57 : 1 death (~315/yr., including 100 “possible” injuries)

19 Annual number of traffic-related bicyclist injuries in Hawaii, by county and severity,

20 Fatal and non-fatal traffic-related bicyclist crashes in Hawaii, No trends –Fatal injuries: 29 total, 6 per year on average (4 in 2006) From there were only 4, one in every year –Non-fatal: average of 315/year, 216 with definite injuries Demographics: –Average age: 32 years (41 for fatally injured) 22% 15 years or younger, half (48%) under 30 (only 3% seniors) –Mostly males (73%) Temporal: –Peak times: 7:30-8:30 am (7%), 2:30-6:30 pm (34%) –No seasonality (month), or day-of-week patterns

21 Number and rate of non-fatal traffic-related bicycle injuries in Hawaii, by severity of injury,

22 Fatal and non-fatal traffic-related bicycle crashes in Hawaii, Alcohol –Involved in 6 of the 29 deaths (21%) 4 cyclists positive, 3 with BAC 0.12% or higher Helmet use: –Fatal crashes: only 5 of the riders (17%) –Non-fatal crashes: 35% of riders Environment: –About half (46%) at intersections, 35% on roadway not at intersection, 10% in driveways –Almost all (89%) on urban roads –Actions (non-fatals): 38% riding in roadway, 37% crossing roadway, 7% outside roadway –Fatal crashes: 31% were 25mph zones or lower, 34% were 35mph, 21% were 40 mph or higher Contributing factors: –Bicyclists: 22% inattention, 12% misjudgement, 8% illegal in roadway, 17% other unspecified “bicycle violation” –Drivers: 35% inattention, 16% failure to yield, 11% misjudgement, speeding 1.5%