About OMICS Group OMICS Group International is an amalgamation of Open Access publications and worldwide international science conferences and events. Established in the year 2007 with the sole aim of making the information on Sciences and technology ‘Open Access’, OMICS Group publishes 400 online open access scholarly journals in all aspects of Science, Engineering, Management and Technology journals. OMICS Group has been instrumental in taking the knowledge on Science & technology to the doorsteps of ordinary men and women. Research Scholars, Students, Libraries, Educational Institutions, Research centers and the industry are main stakeholders that benefitted greatly from this knowledge dissemination. OMICS Group also organizes 300 International conferences annually across the globe, where knowledge transfer takes place through debates, round table discussions, poster presentations, workshops, symposia and exhibitions.Open Access publicationsscholarly journalsInternational conferences

About OMICS Group Conferences OMICS Group International is a pioneer and leading science event organizer, which publishes around 400 open access journals and conducts over 300 Medical, Clinical, Engineering, Life Sciences, Phrama scientific conferences all over the globe annually with the support of more than 1000 scientific associations and 30,000 editorial board members and 3.5 million followers to its credit. OMICS Group has organized 500 conferences, workshops and national symposiums across the major cities including San Francisco, Las Vegas, San Antonio, Omaha, Orlando, Raleigh, Santa Clara, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, United Kingdom, Valencia, Dubai, Beijing, Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Mumbai.

WORK OF A FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST Dr. S.K. Dhattarwal, Medico Legal Advisor to Govt. of Haryana Sr. Prof. & Head Department of Forensic Medicine PGIMS, Rohtak.

Forensic anthropology is a specialized branch of physical anthropology, which deals with the medico-legal investigation. This branch of science grew out of need for skeletal & anatomic expertise in criminal investigations. Forensic Anthropology

DIFFERENCE FROM GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGIST The critical distinction between a forensic anthropologist and a general anthropologist is the former’s focus on human identification.

Forensic anthropology is the study of human remains. Forensic anthropologists are educated in osteology, or the study of bones

FOCUS OF AN ANTHROPOLOGIST The main focus of a forensic anthropologist is to assess crime scenes, skeletal remains, develop a biological profile, compile supportive documentation and testify in the provincial and federal courts.

Their knowledge of the human body contributes to the outcome of a death investigation by providing law enforcement agencies with expert opinions & conclusions, which ultimately aid in solving any given case.

Skeletal anatomy a.206 bones b.Man = 12 lbs woman = 10 lbs

Role of the Forensic Anthropologist: Are they really bones? Are the remains human or animal? How many bodies? How long dead? ‐ Recent or old Cause of death? Time since death?

What is the race of the individual? What is the sex of the individual? What is the age of the individual? What is the stature of the individual? What bony pathologies did the individual have? What traumas did the individual have? What individual traits did the individual have?

Individuality may be determined:  from surgical procedures  from broken bones Identifying the remains

Determination of Age from Bones Ages 0-5: teeth are best – forensic odontology Ages 6-25: epiphyseal fusion – fusion of bone ends to bone shaft - epiphyseal fusion varies with sex and is typically complete by age 25 Ages 25-40: very hard Ages 40+: periodontal disease, arthritis, breakdown of pelvis, occupational stress, unique clues Age estimation is not an exact science – age estimates are usually expressed in a range of years eg. this individual was years of age at the time of his death

Determination of Age from Bones Occupational stress wears bones at joints Skull at Different Ages

Sex

Determination of Sex 1.Pelvis best females have wider subpubic angle females have a wider sciatic notch females have a broad pelvic inlet

Determination of Sex 2.Cranium second best Crests and ridges more pronounced in males (A, B, C) Chin significantly more square in males (E) Jaw (I, E), mastoid process wide and robust in males Forehead slopes more in males (F)

Determination of Sex Other bones are not usually as good an indicator regarding sex

Race

Determination of Race The cranium is the only reliable bone and, even then, can only tell general category as below: Mongoloid (all of Asian decent and Native American decent) wider cheekbones, concave incisors, width between eyes greatest Negro (everyone of African decent and West Indian decent) more prominent ridges, wider nasal opening Caucasian (all ‘white’ individuals) narrow everything

Estimating Height Measuring long bones like femur or humerus can help estimate height –Databases established that use mathematical relationships –Different tables for males, females, and races –Example Recent Study done in our Department:- Comparison of Body Height and Percutaneous Femur Length among North Indian Students. For Male: Height = x F* For Female: Height = x F* F - Femur length

Determining Time of Death Naked eye appearance is unreliable: Tags of soft tissue, periostium, ligaments etc. indicate less than 5 years old. Soapy texture of surface indicates age less than a few decades. Light, crumbling bones are likely to be a century or more old.

 Sharp force trauma (bone cut)  Blunt force trauma (broken bone)  Antemortem vs. postmortem breaks Determining Cause of Death

Perimortem Injuries Injury occurred at or around the time of death and may have even caused the death

Strategy We apply knowledge of normal anthropology and variations in human skeleton, in our work to obtain reasonable and scientific conclusions in each and every case to answer each and every question that a forensic anthropologist can answer.

On Going Research Projects In our Institution we are working on comparison of all the bones of body with height and study of sexual dimorphism between bones of different sex such as hyoid bone, 4 th rib and patella to generate a database of anthropometric measurements and gender differences in our region of the world.

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