Q4: Fingerprints

What is a Fingerprint Def: Impression of the ridges of all or any part of the finger Def: Impression of the ridges of all or any part of the finger Ridge: Raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar (palms and fingers) or plantar (sole and toes) Ridge: Raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar (palms and fingers) or plantar (sole and toes) Grooves: Indented portions Grooves: Indented portions between ridges

What are Fingerprints Cont… Ridges and Grooves are formed during the 4-5 month of the development of the fetus in the womb Ridges and Grooves are formed during the 4-5 month of the development of the fetus in the womb Remain unchanged for the rest of your life except to enlarge during growth Remain unchanged for the rest of your life except to enlarge during growth No two people have the same fingerprints No two people have the same fingerprints Not even Identical Twins Not even Identical Twins

Types of Fingerprints Latent Prints: Not apparent to the naked eye (can’t be seen). Form from sweat of the sebaceous glands of the body and water Latent Prints: Not apparent to the naked eye (can’t be seen). Form from sweat of the sebaceous glands of the body and water 98% water 98% water 2% oils 2% oils Patent Prints: Visible prints left behind in some medium, such as blood, dirt, grease, etc. Patent Prints: Visible prints left behind in some medium, such as blood, dirt, grease, etc. Plastic Prints: Impressed prints. Indentations left behind in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint, etc. Plastic Prints: Impressed prints. Indentations left behind in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint, etc.

Patterns Arches Arches Represent only 5% of fingerprint patterns encountered Represent only 5% of fingerprint patterns encountered 4% = Plain Arch 4% = Plain Arch 1% = Tented Arch 1% = Tented Arch Arches = NO DELTA’s Arches = NO DELTA’s

Arches Plain Arch Plain Arch Tented Arch

Loops 65% of fingerprint patterns encountered 65% of fingerprint patterns encountered Loops = 1 Delta Loops = 1 Delta Ridge enters from one side, touches or crosses running line from the delta, and exits on the same side Ridge enters from one side, touches or crosses running line from the delta, and exits on the same side

Simple Loop

Loops vs. Arches

Types of Simple Loops 2 different names are given to Simple Loops to classify which direction the Loop is pointing too 2 different names are given to Simple Loops to classify which direction the Loop is pointing too Ulna Loop: Loop enters and exits in direction of the pinky Ulna Loop: Loop enters and exits in direction of the pinky 60% 60% Radial Loop: Loop enters and exits in direction of the thumb Radial Loop: Loop enters and exits in direction of the thumb Less common than Ulna Loops Less common than Ulna Loops 5% 5% All depends on which hand the print comes from All depends on which hand the print comes from

Whorls 30% of fingerprints encountered 30% of fingerprints encountered Whorls = 2 or more Deltas Whorls = 2 or more Deltas Plain Whorl (20%): Plain Whorl (20%): When an imaginary line is made from Delta to Delta the line cuts across the ridges that create the inner pattern area When an imaginary line is made from Delta to Delta the line cuts across the ridges that create the inner pattern area

Plain Whorl

Central Pocket Whorl Exactly like Plain Whorls but there is one exception Exactly like Plain Whorls but there is one exception Imaginary line running from Delta to Delta does not cut across the ridges that create the inner pattern area Imaginary line running from Delta to Delta does not cut across the ridges that create the inner pattern area

Central Pocket Whorl

Side by Side Comparison

Double Loop Whorls Whorl that consists of 2 separate and distinctive loop formations Whorl that consists of 2 separate and distinctive loop formations The loops in the core must comprise of separate lines The loops in the core must comprise of separate lines

Accidental Whorl Consist of 2 or more delta’s Consist of 2 or more delta’s Consist of 2 or more types of patterns (except plain arches) Consist of 2 or more types of patterns (except plain arches) Freak patterns or accidental formations Freak patterns or accidental formations

What print is this? (left hand) Accidental Whorl Accidental Whorl

What Print is this? (left hand) Central Pocket Whorl Central Pocket Whorl

What Print is this (left hand) Plain Whorl Plain Whorl

What print is this? (left hand) Radial Loop Radial Loop

What Print is This? (left hand) Double Loop Whorl Double Loop Whorl

What Print is This? (Left Hand) Ulna Loop Ulna Loop

What print is this? (Left Hand) Tented Arch Tented Arch

Ridge Characteristics also called Minutiae

Fingerprints as Evidence There are no legal requirements in United States on the number of ridge characteristics (Minutiae) that must match before deciding if the fingerprint belongs to a certain individual There are no legal requirements in United States on the number of ridge characteristics (Minutiae) that must match before deciding if the fingerprint belongs to a certain individual Standard is about 8-12 points Standard is about 8-12 points Legible Print has about minutiae Legible Print has about minutiae

Henry-FBI Classification Number 1. Identify the presence of any whorl patterns 1. Identify the presence of any whorl patterns 2. Use the chart to assign a number value to any whorls based on the finger that the pattern is located 2. Use the chart to assign a number value to any whorls based on the finger that the pattern is located 3. Complete the math problem 3. Complete the math problem Its set-up as a fraction Its set-up as a fraction

Henry-FBI Classification Number R. Index + R. Ring + L. Thumb + L. Middle + L. Little + 1 = R. Index + R. Ring + L. Thumb + L. Middle + L. Little + 1 = ___ ______ ___ ______ R. Thumb + R. Middle + R. Little + L. Index + L. Ring + 1 = R. Thumb + R. Middle + R. Little + L. Index + L. Ring + 1 = EXAMPLE: Lets suppose there is a whorl on your left thumb, left little finger, and your right little finger (with the rest of your fingers having loops or arches) EXAMPLE: Lets suppose there is a whorl on your left thumb, left little finger, and your right little finger (with the rest of your fingers having loops or arches)

Henry-FBI Classification Number Here’s another Example. Try this on your own now. Here’s another Example. Try this on your own now. R. Index + R. Ring + L. Thumb + L. Middle + L. Little + 1 = R. Index + R. Ring + L. Thumb + L. Middle + L. Little + 1 = ___ ______ ___ ______ R. Thumb + R. Middle + R. Little + L. Index + L. Ring + 1 = R. Thumb + R. Middle + R. Little + L. Index + L. Ring + 1 = Lets suppose there is a whorl on your right thumb, left index finger, left ring finger, and your left little finger (with the rest of your fingers having loops or arches) Lets suppose there is a whorl on your right thumb, left index finger, left ring finger, and your left little finger (with the rest of your fingers having loops or arches) Answer: 2/20 = 1/10 = 0.1 Answer: 2/20 = 1/10 = 0.1

Fingerprints and the U.S 1924  Identification Division of the FBI was formed 1924  Identification Division of the FBI was formed By 1946 it held 100 million fingerprint cards By 1946 it held 100 million fingerprint cards Today: Over 250 million sets of fingerprints Today: Over 250 million sets of fingerprints 133 stacks as high as the Empire State building 133 stacks as high as the Empire State building

Significant Modern Dates Use of Fingerprints for Positive Identification 1684: Nehemiah Grew 1684: Nehemiah Grew Published the first paper on the ridge structure of skin of the fingers and palms Published the first paper on the ridge structure of skin of the fingers and palms English physician and renowned botanist English physician and renowned botanist

Significant Modern Dates Use of Fingerprints for Positive Identification 1823: 1823: Jan E. Purkyne 1823 Published his thesis discussing different fingerprint patterns Published his thesis discussing different fingerprint patterns Did not mention use of fingerprints to identify people Did not mention use of fingerprints to identify people Czech physiologist and professor of anatomy Czech physiologist and professor of anatomy

Fingerprint History 1877: Sir William Herschel 1877: Sir William Herschel Used fingerprints to: Used fingerprints to: Accompany signatures on various documents Accompany signatures on various documents Registered government pensioners' fingerprints to prevent collection by relatives after a pensioner's death. Registered government pensioners' fingerprints to prevent collection by relatives after a pensioner's death. Prisoners on sentencing to prevent various frauds of avoiding serving a prison sentence. Prisoners on sentencing to prevent various frauds of avoiding serving a prison sentence. Prior to this they used… Prior to this they used… Branding Branding Chopping off of fingers Chopping off of fingers Alphonse Bertillon  Anthropometry: Study of body measurements Alphonse Bertillon  Anthropometry: Study of body measurements

Significant Modern Dates Cont… 1880: Henry Faulds 1880: Henry Faulds British doctor wrote papers discussing the usefulness of prints and suggested we record fingerprints with ink British doctor wrote papers discussing the usefulness of prints and suggested we record fingerprints with ink British doctor who investigated whether or not fingerprints always stay the same British doctor who investigated whether or not fingerprints always stay the same Subjected students to various tests Subjected students to various tests Shaved fingertips Shaved fingertips Acid Acid Spanish Fly Spanish Fly Conclusion: Fingertips always grew back the same Conclusion: Fingertips always grew back the same

Significant Dates Cont… 1892: Sir Francis Galton 1892: Sir Francis Galton Studied dactyloscopy, anthropometry, eugenics, meteorology, tropical explorer Studied dactyloscopy, anthropometry, eugenics, meteorology, tropical explorer Cousins with Darwin Cousins with Darwin 3 books about the probability of two persons having the same fingerprints. Made it acceptable in courts 3 books about the probability of two persons having the same fingerprints. Made it acceptable in courts 1 in 64 billion 1 in 64 billion Paved the way for an classification Paved the way for an classificationsystem

Significant Dates Cont… 1901: Sir Edward Henry 1901: Sir Edward Henry Director of first Fingerprinting Bureau in London Director of first Fingerprinting Bureau in London Devised the The Henry Classification System Devised the The Henry Classification System His system allowed all sets of 10 prints be divided into 1,024 groups His system allowed all sets of 10 prints be divided into 1,024 groups Excellent for a time when there was not computers and we had to do this by hand Excellent for a time when there was not computers and we had to do this by hand

Fingerprinting History 1903: Alphonse Bertillon 1903: Alphonse Bertillon Father of Anthropometry Father of Anthropometry Created methods to get fingerprints off of smooth surfaces Created methods to get fingerprints off of smooth surfaces