Demystifying screening and brief advice in clinical settings for alcohol and tobacco North East Parity of Esteem conference Sunderland, 15 th October 2014 Martyn Willmore – Fresh Dr Dorothy Newbury-Birch, Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University

The nation`s health

Life expectancy of people living with mental illness

Summary o Majority of people living with a mental health condition will die from one of the five big killers o We know that people from the most deprived communities are more likely to have mental illness and likely to die younger o “Better health, fairer health”?? We have made least progress in outcomes for those with mental illness

Smoking

Supporting smokers to stop o For people living with mental illness who smoke, stopping smoking will have the greatest positive impact on their physical health o Very Brief Advice on smoking is a life-saving intervention, and takes 30 seconds…. o Mental health staff (both inpatient and community) are ideally placed to identify those that smoke, and offer advice on stopping

What are the perceptions? o Those with mental health issues don’t want to stop /cannot stop o Smoking is one of very few pleasures in life o Tobacco/nicotine helps to relieve stress o Cessation will negatively impact on mental health

Very Brief Advice on Smoking VBA for smoking follows 3 simple steps: ASK (and record smoking status) Is the patient a smoker, ex-smoker, or non-smoker ADVISE (on the best way of quitting) Best way of stopping is with a combination of support and product ACT (on the patient`s response) Give information, refer to service, prescribe

o Vital that MH staff use every contact as a health improvement opportunity o Staff already have the skills to engage patients in conversations in behaviour change. Easily applied to smoking o Raising the issue re-enforces that stopping smoking is integral to overall health of patient ASK and record Do you smoke? Have you recently stopped smoking?

o Once smoking status confirmed, follow up with advice/offer of support to quit o Most effective way of quitting is a combination of stop smoking product, and behavioural support o You are up to four times more likely to quit with SSS support than trying to quit unaided ADVICE Did you know that stopping smoking is the best thing you can do for your health? Support and medication really improves your chances of quitting Would you like for me to arrange for a stop smoker advisor to chat with you?

o Act upon the patient`s response: o If interested in quitting, make a referral to local SSS o Encourage/Build up their self-confidence o If inpatient, but not looking to quit, ensure access to NRT or medication to help with nicotine management o Be proactive about possible impact on dosage of associated medications o Record actions taken o Majority of smokers say they want to stop, but lack confidence or impetus to access proper support ACT

Key role of mental health staff o Trained SSS advisors will offer clients a 12-week programme of support and medication o But MH staff can support patients too by encouraging correct use of medications, and helping to re-enforce positive messages o Motivation to quit can be easily undermined by staff: o Offering cigarettes/purchasing them on behalf o Smoking in front of them o Conveying negative messages about chances to quit

Managing nicotine withdrawal o Nicotine has a very short half-life, and so smokers will begin to suffer withdrawal within 1-2 hours o Withdrawal symptoms could include irritability and low mood, and are easily misinterpreted as signs of worsening mental health. Important to understand alternative options o There are currently three main types of licensed product to help with cravings from tobacco withdrawal: Nicotine Replacement Therapy Varenicline (Champix) Buproprion (Zyban)

Effect of cessation on metabolism o Tobacco (specifically tar) speeds up the metabolism of some antipsychotic medications, anti-depressants and benzodiazepines o Therefore some smokers need higher doses of these drugs than non-smokers o Blood levels of medication can be impacted by many things, but stopping smoking likely to increase it within 7 days o Doses of medicines may need to be reduced by 25%-50% once someone stops smoking

Summary o Tobacco dependence is a chronic relapsing condition – may take a number of attempts to quit successfully o MH staff have a vital role in supporting patients o Normalising VBA is pivotal in prompting quit attempts o Online VBA training available. Staff can also acquire skills from local SSS to become advisors if they wish o Smoking remains our biggest preventable cause of premature mortality

VBA Smoking Resources Online NCSCT Training module Short film on VBA

Alcohol

Is IBA effective?

The IBA evidence base Over 30 years of research examining impact of IBA in primary care and (more recently) other settings. 24 systematic reviews covering at least 56 high quality studies in primary care alone (O’Donnell et al 2014). Consistent message  IBA is effective at reducing the quantity, frequency and intensity of drinking when delivered in primary healthcare. Evidence more equivocal in other settings (A&E, workplace, criminal justice).

Impact on alcohol consumption  For every eight people who receive simple alcohol advice, one will reduce their drinking to within lower-risk levels (Moyer et al., 2002).  Kaner et al (2007) showed that IBA reduced the quantity of alcohol drunk by an average 38 g per week.  Varies by age  Jonas et al (2012) suggested effects may be lesser in older adults aged 65 and over (23g) and for young adults / college students aged (23g).

Wider health impacts Other positive outcomes include: –Reduction in alcohol-related problems; –Reduced health-care utilization; –Improved mortality outcomes.  A reduction from 50 units/week to 42 units/week will reduce the relative risk of alcohol-related conditions by some 14%, the attributable fractions by some 12%, and the absolute risk of lifetime alcohol-related death by some 20% (Anderson 2008).

Cost-effectiveness of IBA Estimated quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gain associated with IBA ranges from 4-19 per 1000 (Anderson 2009) IBA based on new patient registrations and delivered by a practice nurse provides modest cost savings to the health care system of £120m over 30 years and health gains over the same period amount to 32,000 QALYs, at £6900 per QALY gained (Purshouse et al 2009). Doctor-delivered IBA would be more expensive but result in incremental health gains equivalent to 92,000 QALYs, at £1175 per QALY gained (Purshouse et al 2009).

1.To identify the most efficient and acceptable screening strategy and tool to detect hazardous and harmful drinking 2.To evaluate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of different intensities of BI

Fig 1: Changes in % AUDIT + overall and by intervention at 6 and 12 months SIPS: impact on AUDIT scores

SIPS: Key findings High overall recruitment and follow-up rates in PHC High BI delivery immediately after screening BI delivery drops if subsequent visit is needed Risk drinking fell between baseline & follow-up No significant differences between the 3 conditions Gender and AUDIT score at outset predict outcome (Kaner et al 2013)

IBA in practice…… iceTrainingandTools/?parent=4449&child=5186