Poultry and Egg Production: M.E. Persia Iowa State University September 8, 2011

Background Information What is poultry production? Meat chickens Laying hens (egg production) Meat turkeys Meat ducks Ratites (ostrich and emu) Game birds (quail, pheasants and partridge) Breeding stock

Meat Chicken Production State Number Live weight Average Weight 1,000 head 1,000 pounds Pounds Georgia 1,205,004 6,322,022 5.7 Alabama 1,082,334 6,059,406 5.2 Arkansas 973,634 5,551,543 Mississippi 757,545 4,483,780 5.9 North Carolina 707,861 5,013,567 7.1 Texas 684,058 3,841,478 5.6 Missouri 413,091 1,961,251 4.7 Virginia 318,858 1,650,008 Delaware 304,471 2,117,720 7 Kentucky 304,237 1,650,617 5.4 South Carolina 298,727 1,950,163 6.5 Tennessee 289,909 1,487,249 5.1 California 266,761 1,503,951 Louisiana 184,163 1,122,202 6.1 Maryland 138,855 667,669 4.8 Oklahoma 129,705 888,473 6.8 Other States 569,616 2,924,854 5.11 2010 US Poultry and Egg Association

Egg Production (Laying Hens) Number 1,000 head United States 247,400 Iowa 51,866 Ohio 27,000 Pennsylvania 24,398 Indiana 22,446 California 19,252 Texas 13,251 Michigan 10,133 Minnesota 9,637 Nebraska 9,094 Florida 9,037 2010 American Egg Board

Meat Turkey Production Number In 2007 Number in 2008 Change 1,000 head (%) United States 266,700 273,100 102 Minnesota 46,500 48,000 103 North Carolina 38,500 40,000 Arkansas 29,500 31,000 105 Missouri 18,500 18,000 97 Virginia 20,500 21,000 California 16,200 16,000 99 Indiana 13,600 14,500 106 Pennsylvania 11,000 11,500 South Carolina 10,400 12,500 120 Iowa 8,700 9,000 Ohio 6,000 100 Other States 47,300 45,600 96 2008 National Turkey Federation

Importance of Poultry in Iowa Farmgate receipts animal agriculture in Iowa (2005) Approximately 6% of Animal Agriculture Farm Gate Receipts in Iowa Accounts for over $500 million annually

Commercial Production Size Broiler 22,000-26,000 birds per house 5 to 7 flocks a year Layer 200,000-350,000 birds per house 0.5 to 1 flocks a year Turkey 15,000 birds per house 3 flocks a year Integration

An Integrated Approach Grandparent Flock Parent Flocks Hatchery Hatchery Retail Production Flocks Feed Mill Rendering Plant Distribution Processing Plant

Chicks Crossbred chicks to gain growth advantage Grandparent Male Female Productive Stock

Chicks Selection has increased efficiency

Chicks Hatchery Transportation Vaccination Sorted Sexed From hatchery to farm

Feed Majority of the cost of poultry production Source and purchase complete feed or ingredients to make feed Several diets fed over the production cycle

Feed Feed Mill Broiler and turkey rations are pelleted Laying hen diets are fed as mash One feed mill makes the diets for several farms in a region

Feed Ingredient Percentage Corn 64 Soybean meal (48%) 20 Meat and bone meal 6 Dried distillers grains with solubles 4 Poultry fat 3 Rock phosphate 1.7 Limestone 1.4 Salt 0.4 Vitamin and Mineral Premix 0.5

Shelter Broiler house Laying facility

Air, Ventilation and Temp. Control Movement of air Cool birds Remove volatile compounds Refresh air Brooding of young chicks Lighting

Process Broiler/Turkey Hatchery – 21 or 28 days Sanitation important Incubation and hatching Growout – 35 to 56 d for Broilers and 16 to 21 wks for Turkeys All in all out Biosecurity important

Process Broiler/Turkey Processing plant(approximately 1 day) Located away from farms (must transport birds) Labor intensive High adoption of technology/automation Sanitation important (Food Safety) Packaging and storage Further processing

Process Laying hen Hatchery – 21 days Pullets – 18 weeks Similar to meat birds Sanitation important Sex all chicks Pullets – 18 weeks Immature female laying hen Sunk cost

Process Laying hen Lay cycle – 40 to 50 weeks Processing plant Automation – egg belt Induced Molting – increase productivity Processing plant Located on Farm Clean eggs Candle and remove defective Grade eggs Further processing

Egg Facility

What are the products? (eggs) Shell Eggs Liquid Egg Whites Liquid Egg Yolks Liquid Egg Substitutes Powdered Whole Eggs Powdered Egg Whites Meringue Powder Powdered Egg Substitutes Hard Cooked or Pickled Eggs

What are the Products? (Meat)

Production equation Inputs Outputs Chicks (Genetic Stock) Feed Medication Water Shelter Ventilation/Temp. Control Labor/Process Time Poultry products Hatchery waste Manure/litter Spent hens Egg waste/carcass trim Dust/odor/ammonia Noise/flies