{ Virus and Bacteria Test Review 1.Cocci 2.Spirilla 3.Bacilli 4.Staphylococci 5.Streptococci 1. 2.Gram positive – Stain dark purple with gram stain. Have thick peptidoglycan cell walls. Gram negative – Stain light red or pink with gram stain. Have thin peptidoglycan cell walls. 3. A virus is made up of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) that is surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid. Some viruses may have a lipid layer around the capsid.

(Capsid) Made of lipids

4. An type of archaebacteria that lives in very salty water such As the Dead Sea. 5. A cell that doesn’t have a true nucleus (no membrane around the DNA) and no membrane-bound organelles. 6. A viral replication cycle in which the virus infects the host cell and destroys the host cell.

7. Bacteria that live in an environment without oxygen, oxygen will kill them. 8. The process where bacteria that grows on the roots of legumes will change nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into a different form (nitrates) so that the plant can use it to make proteins. 9. A virus or bacterium that causes disease. 10. The protein coat around the nucleic acid of a virus. 11. A virus that infects bacteria cells. 12. A bacterium that usually is found in environments without oxygen, but can also live in environments with oxygen. 13. A process where bacteria are used to clean up pollutants. 14. A form of asexual reproduction where the bacterium cell splits into 2 cells. 15. Bacteria that live in extreme, harsh environments such as hot springs, very salty water such as the Dead Sea, arctic waters, etc. They do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. 16. A virus that uses RNA to make a copy of DNA. For example HIV virus.

17. Bacteria Living cells Contain cytoplasm Cell wall around cytoplasm and DNA Reproduce through binary fission and conjugation Viruses Do not have cells Do not have cytoplasm Capsid around DNA/RNA Can only replicate (make a copy of) inside a host cell. Contain DNA (genetic material) Have different shapes Can be pathogens (cause illness)

Virus Host cell Think ‘hijack’! Viral DNA takes over host cell’s DNA Host cell DNA Make viral proteins New viral particles Host cell bursts Viral DNA

1.Cell membrane 2.Cell wall 3.Capsule 4.Pili 5.Flagellum 6.DNA 7.Cytoplasm – Protects the bacterium against drying out and the host white blood cells. 4 – Play a role during conjugation, also used to stick to host cells when infecting host. 5 – Movement 6 – Holds the genetic material of the cell. 20.It can be used to make food such as cheese and yogurt. It can be used to make antibiotics. It can be used to clean up pollutants such as oil spills (bioremediation) It can be used in sewage plants to break down sewage. Bacteria in colon help to make vitamins our bodies cannot produce by itself.