A Technique for Cardiac Auscultation Chapter 6 Ara G. Tilkian, MD, FACC Instructor Patricia L. Thomas, MBA, RCIS

Outline How to Proceed Patient Position Inspection and Palpation Palpating Thrills Inching Respiration Cardiac Auscultation of the Bony Chest Evaluation of Heart Sounds Summarized Evaluation of Heart Murmurs Summarized

How to Proceed Quiet room Block out all other visual & auditory perceptions Closing your eyes may help Concentrating on one cardiac event at a time

Patient Position Recumbent, comfortable & relaxed Examination from patient’s right side Murmurs & gallop rhythms are louder in the recumbent position In this position venous return to the heart is increased & can be further augmented by raising the patient’s legs Patient’s left side mitral murmurs & thrills are best heard because the apex is closer to the chest wall Sitting or standing sounds & pulsations may disappears

Inspection & Palpation PMI- point of maximal impulse Rate of Rise: The Carotid Pulse-peak of pulsation –A normal ROR feels like a sharp tap –Abnormal ROR like a nudge or a weak tap Pulsus Alternans –Regular rhythm with alternating strong and weak ventricular contractions –Alternation of S 2 Brachioradial Delay & Apical-Carotid Delay –Indicates aortic stenosis –Brach: Right Brachial and Right Radial artery –Apical: PMI & Right Carotid Artery

Palpating Thrills Palpable murmurs-low-pitched vibrations associated with heart murmurs Best felt with palms of the hand The thrill of AS radiates toward the right neck The thrill of PS radiates toward the left neck Look for jerking carotids & for venous pulsations

“Inching” Listen to first heart sound (intensity, variability, localization Listen to second heart sound (It is split?) Does it vary with respiration? Is P 2 loud? Listen for a third heart sound Listen for any abnormal sounds such as S 4 or a click Listen for systolic murmurs then for diastolic murmurs

Respiration Inspiration causes right-sided cardiac events to be louder and delays left-sided events by a few seconds because of –Decreased intrapleural pressure –Increased venous return to the right heart –Prolongation of RV systole –Delay in PV closure –Increase in pulmonary capacity –Delay in venous return to the LA –Shortening of LV systole –Early closure of the AV

Respiration cont… In normal individuals: –The two components of S 2 can usually be identified at the end of deep inspiration –S 2 becomes one sound during expiration

Evaluation of Heart Sounds Summarized Are both S 1 and S 2 present? Is each normal? If not, is S 1 loud, weak, or absent? Can both components of S 1 be recognized? Is S 2 loud, weak, or absent? Is there normal splitting of S 2 on inspiration? Is the splitting of S 2 reversed (widest on expiration)? Are there more than two heart sounds? Is the extra sound systole or diastolic? Is it closer to S 1 or S 2 and at what interval? What is its quality? Does it vary with respiration? Is there a murmur?

THE END OF CHAPTER 6 Tilkian, Ara MD Understanding Heart Sounds and Murmurs, Fourth Edition, W.B. Sunders Company. 2002, pp