1) Linkage means A) Alleles at different loci are independent B) Alleles at different loci are physically close to each other and on the same chromosome C) Alternate alleles at the same locus are not independent D) Alleles at different loci are not independent E) Alternate alleles are fixed at alternate loci

2) independence, i.e. an absence of linkage disequilibrium A) is caused by recombination over time B) is likely for genes found within chromosome inversions C) is a basic mendelian law that is not violated D) means that traits do not evolve independently of each other E) none of the above

3) If allele S at one locus has a frequency of 0.5 and allele t at a different locus has a frequency of 0.4, what is the expected frequency of the St haplotype if the loci are in equilibrium? A) 0.54 B) 0.9 C) 0.2 D) 0.4 E) can not be determined from these data

4) What does sex do A) recombines alleles at different loci thereby producing high levels of genotypic variation B) decreases linkage disequilibrium C) helps populations of organisms track changing environmental conditions D) all of the above

5) Muller’s ratchet A) is likely to be very important in large populations B) is unlikely to be very important in large populations C) reverses linkage D) slows down evolution E) eliminates deleterious alleles