Intelligent systems Colloquium 1 Positive and negative of logic in thinking and AI.

Description of logic in Wikipedia Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, orGreek what is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matterarguments of controversy amongst philosophers (see below). However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish good from bad arguments. Traditionally, logic is studied as a branch of philosophy. Since the mid-1800sphilosophy1800s logic has been commonly studied in mathematics, and, even more recently,mathematics in computer science. As a science, logic investigates and classifies the structurecomputer sciencescience of statements and arguments, and devises schemata by which these are codified.schematacodified The scope of logic can therefore be very large, including reasoning about probability and causality. Also studied in logic are the structure ofprobabilitycausality fallacious arguments and paradoxesfallacious argumentsparadoxes

Objectives Genesis of logic and role of logic in evolution of mind and mankind, Logic as kind of semiotic (symbol) system Positive role of logic in development of science and mankind Negative role of logic from point of view of cognitive science Logic and creativity Role of logic in AI Adaptation of logic to new challenges of AI

Submit a questions to discuss Logic is enemy of creativity and understanding of environment Logic is tool for making of predictability and standard of behavior

Description of logic in Wikipedia Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or whatGreek is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter ofarguments controversy amongst philosophers (see below). However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish good from bad arguments. Traditionally, logic is studied as a branch of philosophy. Since the mid-1800s logicphilosophy1800s has been commonly studied in mathematics, and, even more recently,mathematics in computer science. As a science, logic investigates and classifies the structurecomputer sciencescience of statements and arguments, and devises schemata by which these are codified.schematacodified The scope of logic can therefore be very large, including reasoning about probability and causality. Also studied in logic are the structure ofprobabilitycausality fallacious arguments and paradoxesfallacious argumentsparadoxes

Genesis of logic and role of logic in evolution of mind and mankind, Reason of appearance of mathematics is necessity to describe of objects and phenomenon (it’s quantitative features) by standard way for monosemantic understanding during communications Reason of appearance of logic is wish to describe by standard way of qualitative features of world and of behavior of human during making of decisions (for monosemantic understanding and description of standard decisions, for example, in jurisprudence, in producing of things - technologies)

The human can to cut off part of stick making it of determined size. In this case he deals with mathematics The human can decide to cut off part or not. In this case he deals with logic. Making of decision appears in brain when quantity transforms to quality, i.e. stimulation of any neuron became more then threshold (appearance of motivation, reason), or any one neuron wins others (choice of behavior, strategy and so on)

Principle of unity of fuzzy reasoning and certain operations This is one of principles of organization of intelligent systems [A.Gavrilov, 2003] In a basis of reasoning the operating with fuzzy images lays, at the end of which choice of certain operation (action) is carried out (restoring of it), with which it is possible to associate choice succeeded (the solved task), focusing of attention, start of operation as programs of operation motor neurons, etc. Thus selected operation as tag is involved in the further process of reasoning.

Thus, it is possible to extract the several key "intelligent inventions“ and consider the sequence of achievements of biological evolution (Fig. 2). The abilities to cognize the natural phenomena is gradually increased in this sequence.

Logic as kind of semiotic (symbol) system

A logic allows the axiomatization of the domain information, and the drawing of conclusions from that information. Syntax Semantics Logical inference = reasoning

Disadvantages of logic for knowledge representation and processing Availability of nonmonotonic reasoning is absent Impossibility of using of uncertainty and working with fuzzy patterns and classes Necessity of formalization of knowledge Impossibility of working with several hypothesis concurrently and with argumentation

Positive role of logic in development of science and mankind Logic promoted organization in social behavior of people (laws, centralized powerful states, diplomacy) Logic promoted proof and development of mathematics as result Logic is a reason of appearance of digital electronics and computers

Negative role of logic from point of view of cognitive science Logic deals with exact and certain entities, but can not deal with patterns from sensors (images) So logic negates learning by classification and clusterization Logic can to use only determined formalized entities (symbols) by anybody So logic is hard structure and is unable to develop without external anybody

Logic and creativity Inside in logic it is impossible to create any new thing All entities used in logic are exist there from her creation by external anybody All models of learning in logic assume only transformation from any formalized knowledge in logic

Role of logic in AI Logic was first implemented model of thinking (reasoning) and promote further development of AI Logic is basis of class of powerful logic programming languages (Prolog, Smalltalk, Lisp) Logic was any obstacle of development of neural networks and other methods of soft computing

Adaptation of logic to new challenges of AI Modal logics as attempt to improve expressiveness of 1- order logic (60-70 th years) Fuzzy logic as attempt to include uncertainty to logic (1965) Logical programming as tool for development of more suitable knowledge representations for intelligent systems (1982) Pseudo-physical logics as attempt to use fuzzy logic and 1-order logic to describe of real environment (80 th years) Description logic is similar to pseudo-physical logics Now task is development of neural based system with associative processing of knowledge and to obtain from it logical behavior (“repeat evolution of human”). Here logic will be no tool for development but template for estimation

Submit a questions to discuss Logic is enemy of creativity and understanding of environment Logic is tool for making of predictability and standard of behavior