Chapter 11 Finishing Equipment Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

GRADERS GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

GRADERS 1938 CAT Auto Patrol GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES. 1938 CAT Auto Patrol

GRADERS GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

GRADERS GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

GRADERS Graders are multipurpose machines used for grading, shaping, bank sloping, and ditching. Graders can work on slopes as steep as 3:1. GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

Articulating Graders GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

BLADE POSITIONS 1 4 General grade 1 4 High bank cut

GENERAL GRADE GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

BLADE EXTENDED GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

GRADERS GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

MOLDBOARD GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

LASER BLADE CONTROLS GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

SONIC BLADE CONTROLS GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

RIPPERS Rear mount rippers GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

SCARIFIER Front mounted scarifier. GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

ESTIMATING PRODUCTION USING THE ABOVE SITUATION WE WILL DETERMINE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION RATE FOR THE GRADER AND THE TIME REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THIS TASK.

ESTIMATING PRODUCTION Estimate grading 4 miles of dirt road using a CAT 120H. Ditching 6 passes 1st gear Reshaping 9 passes 2nd gear Final grading 4 passes 3rd gear USING THE ABOVE SITUATION WE WILL DETERMINE THE HOURLY PRODUCTION RATE FOR THE GRADER AND THE TIME REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THIS TASK.

GRADERS ARE MULTIPURPOSE MACHINES USED FOR GRADING, SHAPING, BANK SLOPING, AND DITCHING. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED FOR MIXING, SPREADING, SIDE CASTING, LEVELING, CROWNING, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ROAD AND RUNWAY MAINTENANCE. THEY ARE RESTRICTED TO MAKING SHALLOW CUTS IN MEDIUM-HARD MATERIALS; THEY SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR HEAVY EXCAVATION. GRADERS CAN WORK ON SLOPES AS STEEP AS 3:1. THEY CAN PROGRESSIVELY CUT DITCHES TO A DEPTH OF 3 FEET. THE COMPONENTS OF A STANDARD GRADER ARE: SCARIER- USED TO LOOSE MATERIAL MOLDBOARD/ BLADE- CONTROLLED BY HYDRAULICS THE BLADE CAN BE LIFTED LOWERED, ROTATED, TIPPED FORWARD AND BACKWARD, TILTED, SHIFTED TO ONE SIDE OR THE OTHER, AND ANGLED TO THEIR HORIZONTAL. BY ADJUSTMENT OF THE CENTER SHIFT THE MOLDBOARD MAYBE EXTENDED TO THE EXTREME LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE OF THE GRADER FOR WORKING BACK SLOPES.

FORMULA FOR DISTANCES IN MILES Distance in miles Speed in miles per hour Time will be in hours FIRST WE WILL DETERMINE THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 7 MILE ROAD. WE MUST COMPUTE EACH ACTIVITY SEPARATELY THEN SUM THE ANSWERS TOGETHER TO GET OUR TOTAL TIME. DITCHING IS OUR FIRST ACTIVITY. WE TAKE THE NUMBER OF PASSES REQUIRED TO RE SET THE DITCH (6) MULTIPLIED BY THE DISTANCE OF THE ROAD (7 MILES) DIVIDED BY OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR. AT THIS POINT WE KNOW OUR NUMBER OF PASSES AND DISTANCE . NOW WE MUST FIND OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR.

Ditching 6 passes Reshaping 9 passes Final grading 4 passes STEP 1 NUMBER OF PASSES Ditching 6 passes Reshaping 9 passes Final grading 4 passes STEP 2 DISTANCE OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60. Grading 4 miles

STEP 3 SPEED CAT 120H 1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60. Check manufacturer’s data. www.cat.com/cda/layout?m=37840&x=7

STEP 3 SPEED CAT 120H 1st gear 2.3 mph 2nd gear 3.1 mph 3rd gear 4.5 mph OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60.

STEP 4 EFFICIENCY FACTOR For an average operator during daylight hours would expect a 50 min-hour efficiency or an 0.83 efficiency factor OUR OPERATOR IS AVERAGE AND WORKING DURING DAYLIGHT HOURS. SINCE THE GRADER IS A WHEELED VEHICLE WE DETERMINE OUR FACTOR TO BE .60.

STEP 5 TIME TO DITCH STEP 1 : Number of passes = 6 STEP 2 : Distance = 4 miles STEP 3 : Speed = 2.3 mph STEP 4 : Efficiency factor = 0.83 NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH 30.43 HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

STEP 5 TIME TO RESHAPE STEP 1 : Number of passes = 9 STEP 2 : Distance = 4 miles STEP 3 : Speed = 3.1 mph STEP 4 : Efficiency factor = 0.83 NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH 30.43 HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

STEP 5 FINAL GRADING STEP 1 : Number of passes = 4 STEP 2 : Distance = 4 miles STEP 3 : Speed = 4.5 mph STEP 4 : Efficiency factor = 0.83 NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH 30.43 HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

STEP 5 TOTAL TIME Time to ditch 12.6 hr Time to reshape 14.0 hr Final grading 4.3 hr Total time 30.9 hr NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH 30.43 HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.

FORMULA FOR DISTANCES IN FEET Distance in feet Speed in miles per hour Time will be in minutes FIRST WE WILL DETERMINE THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE 7 MILE ROAD. WE MUST COMPUTE EACH ACTIVITY SEPARATELY THEN SUM THE ANSWERS TOGETHER TO GET OUR TOTAL TIME. DITCHING IS OUR FIRST ACTIVITY. WE TAKE THE NUMBER OF PASSES REQUIRED TO RE SET THE DITCH (6) MULTIPLIED BY THE DISTANCE OF THE ROAD (7 MILES) DIVIDED BY OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR. AT THIS POINT WE KNOW OUR NUMBER OF PASSES AND DISTANCE . NOW WE MUST FIND OUR SPEED AND EFFICIENCY FACTOR.

GRADERS NOW WE SIMPLY PLUG OUR NUMBERS INTO THE FORMULA AND COME UP WITH 30.43 HOURS REQUIRED FOR DITCHING OPERATIONS.