1 Protista Part II BIO 2215 Oklahoma City Community College Dennis Anderson

2 Leishmania Leishmaniasis 12 million people Phylum Euglenozoa

3 Sand Fly Vector for leishmaniasis Genus Phlebotomus

4 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Parasites form skin ulcers.

5 As many as 200 lesions may form causing disability and social stigma

6 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis Central & South America Destroys mucous membranes of nose & mouth

7 Visceral Leishmaniasis Kala Azar Primarily occurs in Africa and Asia. Characterized by irregular fever, weight loss, swelling of spleen & liver, & anemia. Fatality can be 90% if untreated.

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9 Phylum Apicomplexa Class Coccidea Apical complex –Helps in penetrating host’s cells Endoparasites Movement –Male gamete Male gametocyte

10 Plasmodium Malaria Most important parasitic disease of humans today WHO estimates that 270 million new cases occur annually with 2 million annual deaths Transmitted by bite of infected mosquitoes of genus Anopheles

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13 Mosquito feeds on blood of infected host & ingests gametocytes

14 Gametes unite in mosquito stomach to form oocysts in wall of stomach

15 Oocysts

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17 Sporozoites produced in oocysts by sporogony move to salivary glands of mosquito & are injected into next host

18 Sporozoites invade liver cells and undergo schizogony to produce merozoites

19 Merozoites invade circulating RBCs

20 Each merozoite produces as many as 36 new merozoites through schizogony in RBCs

21 Merozoites rupture RBCs to invade other RBCs Simultaneous lysing of RBCs causes the sudden chills & fever typical of malaria

22 Gametocytes are produced in blood & ingested by mosquito to complete the cycle

23 Sporozoites from mosquito bite Schizogony to make merozoites Ingest gametocytes Sporozoites to liver Merozoites enter RBCsSchizogony to make merozoitesFertilization in stomachOocyst formsSporozoites by sporogonySporozoites invade salivary gland ManMosquito Merozoites become gametocytes Bites man

24 Toxoplasma Toxoplasmosis Parasite –Cats, man, other mammals & birds

25 Fetus –Birth defects –Mental retardation Aids Patients –Fatal infection

26 Toxomplasma

27 Eimeria Coccidiosis –Birds and mammals Bloody diarrhea

28 Coccidiosis

29 Coccidiosis

30 Phylum Cilophora Cilia for movement

31 Trichocysts Released as a defense Long threadlike Release triggered by mechanical or chemical stimulation

32 Phylum Cilophora Paramecium Movie

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34 Phylum Cilophora Vorticella Spiral stock attaches to substrate –Contract and extend Cilia used to sweep food into mouth (see arrow) Movie

35 Phylum Cilophora Stentor Solitary Use cilia to sweep food into mouth Movie

36 Phylum Cilophora Didinium Bands of cilia Eats Paramecium

37 Phylum Cilophora Spirostoman Up to 3 mm long

38 Phylum Dinoflagellata

39 Phylum Dinoflagellata Two flagella –Transverse –Longitudinal Some photosynthetic Some heterotrophic Some have cell wall made of plates Red tide –neurotoxin

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41 Zooxanthellae Photosynthetic dinoflagellates (brown) Live in corals Provide nutrients for coral by photosynthesis Mutualism

42 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Amebas

43 Amoeba proteus

44 Entomoeba histolytica Amoebic dysentery Transmitted by food & water contaminated with cysts Bloody diarrhea

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46 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Difflugia

47 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Variations in Pseudopodia

48 Radiolarians Abundant in the ocean –Ocean floors covered –Forms sedimentary rock Siliceous test (shell) –Skeleton made of silica –Numerous geometric designs

49 Radiolarian Tests

50 Foraminifera Secrete a test (shell) of calcium carbonate Grow new chambers as organism increases in size –Foramen (opening) between chambers Shells constitute vast deposits on ocean floors

51 Foraminifera Tests

52 White Cliffs of Dover, England Foramifera deposits uplifted from ocean floor Chalk

53 Pyramids of Egypt Made of limestone from foraminera

54 Plankton Small organisms that drift in the ocean and freshwater Pastures of the seas Many different protozoans Zooplankton Phytoplankton

55 Which Animal Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

56 Which Organism Has A Higher Surface Area to Volume Ratio?

57 Smaller Organisms Have A Higher Surface Area To Volume Ratio Advantage of more surface area/volume –Easier to get food –Easier to get oxygen Disadvantage of more surface area/volume –Loose heat faster –Warm blooded animals have to consume more calories –Hummingbird eats 2/3 body weight each day Need transport systems for food and oxygen

58 Symbosis Living together Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism

59 Parasitism Parasite benefits Host harmed

60 Mutualism Both organisms benefit from living together

61 Commensalism Bird nest and tree Bird benefits Tree not affected

62 The End