1 Introduction to Security Chapter 6 Enhancing Security through Physical Controls

2 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)  Began in the early 1960s  A fundamental concept in security design that is based on the premise that effective use and manipulation of the physical environment can reduce criminal behavior

3 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) 4 Key Strategies: 1. Territoriality 2. Natural Surveillance 3. Activity Support 4. Access Control

4 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) 1. Territoriality: Most people tend to protect area that they feel is their own, and have a certain amount of respect for other’s. Fences, pavement treatments, signs and landscaping all help to express ownership.

5 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) 2. Natural Surveillance -This is almost entirely based off of the fact that criminals do not want to be seen. - place physical activities, features and people in a way that they can be observed - remove trees, sheds, bushes and other sight obstructions

6 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) 3. Activity Support - encourage legitimate activity in public spaces - any activity that gets people out and interacting helps to discourage crime - basketball courts in parks, neighborhood parties, etc.

7 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) 4. Access Control - properly located entrances/exits - fencing - lighting - receptionist at a front desk - a neighbor sitting on their front porch

8 An Overview of Physical Controls Concentric Zone Theory – based on the premise that the more valuable an asset is, the more protection it needs

9 Concentric Zone Theory

10 An Overview of Physical Controls 3 Basic Lines of Physical Defense: 1. The perimeter of the facility 2. The building exterior 3. The interior

11 Basic Security Equipment A. Locks - key, key card or smart card operated – first used in Egypt over 4,000 years ago - remains one of the oldest, most commonly used methods of access control

12 Basic Security Equipment B. Biometrics - the science of using individual physiological features or behavioral characteristics to positively identify a person Examples: fingerprint, iris/retinal scans, hand geometry, voice, et al.

13 Basic Security Equipment C. Lighting - intruders want darkness to cover their actions - 3 out of 4 commercial burglaries are committed within buildings with little or no light

14 Basic Security Equipment C. Lighting 4 types: 1. Continuous 2. Standby 3. Moveable 4. Emergency

15 Basic Security Equipment D. Alarms - date back to 390 BC when geese were used - many federally insured institutions are required to use them - some insurance companies offer discounts for alarm installation/use

16 Basic Security Equipment D. Alarm uses: Burglar Fire Temperature Humidity Water flow Electrical power

17 Basic Security Equipment D. Alarm system types: Local – sound on the premises only Proprietary – a constantly-manned alarm panel operated by the owner Central Station – similar to proprietary, except usually operated off premises by an alarm company Police Connected – the alarm is directed via phone lines to the nearest police dept.

18 Basic Security Equipment D. Alarms – False Alarms More than 90% of all intrusion alarms are false alarms, resulting in needless expense and risks on the part of responders. Because of the high number of false alarms, many cities prohibit alarms connected directly to the police department.

19 Basic Security Equipment E. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) A generic term, generally meaning a system in which a number of video cameras are connected in a closed circuit or loop, where the images are sent to a central television monitor or recorded. CCTV systems range from basic system to very complicated networks.

20 Basic Security Equipment E. Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Cameras may be overt or covert, or semi-covert.  Overt – out in the open  Covert – hidden  Semi- Covert – cameras are in public view but behind a one-way transparent covering.

21 Basic Security Equipment E. CCTV other technology: Internet Protocol Video (IP) Video can be sent across a company’s data network so that it can be viewed wherever the company chooses. These can cause bandwidth and digital storage issues for a company’s network.

22 Basic Security Equipment E. CCTV other technology: Night Cameras – most popular kind use image intensification that amplifies available visible and near- infrared light to achieve better vision Thermal Imaging – operates on the principle that all objects emit infrared energy that can be seen using a thermal imager

23 Privacy concerns…  There is concern over the amount of, or rather lack of, privacy by private, non-criminal citizens through the extensive use of surveillance methods.  Some cities are passing legislation to govern these types of devices and their use.

24 Facility Physical Defense Guidelines

25 The Perimeter  The perimeter can be controlled by a variety of ways: A. Fences – 2 basic types Ornamental Chain Link – effectiveness can be increased by adding razor wire, barbed wire, etc.

26 The Perimeter  The perimeter can be controlled by a variety of ways: B. Alarms C. Perimeter Lighting Floodlights Street lights Fresnal units Searchlights

27 The Perimeter  The perimeter can be controlled by a variety of ways: D. Surveillance Cameras E. Vehicle Barriers Active – require some action by a person or equipment to be raised into place Passive – a fixed device with no moving parts, such as guard rails, concrete poles, etc.

28 The Perimeter  The perimeter can be controlled by a variety of ways: F. Patrols Security Officers Patrol or Guard Dog units – roam alone inside a perimeter or building to deter intruders

29 The Perimeter  The perimeter can be controlled by a variety of ways: G. Signs H. Physical Layout – When possible, we should always try to maintain a clear zone of 20 feet on either side of the perimeter

30 The Building Exterior  For some facilities, the exterior is the first line of defense.  Keys for effective security: Strong, locked doors Limited number of entrances Secured openings (>96 sq. inches) Alarms Surveillance Lighting

31 The Building Interior  Internal physical controls are usually required along with external controls.  Secure areas should be separated from non-secure areas if possible.

32 The Building Interior Safeguards: Locks Alarms Mirrors Document shredders Vaults/ safes Bolt down large, moveable equipment Lock down devices on office equipment Surveillance systems

33 The Building Interior The Command Center Should be linked to the security control center Should be in a tightly controlled area Can also monitor access Increasingly, staff members of the command center can also handle computer network issues if need be.

34 The Physical Security System  The goal is to provide the amount of security needed - neither too much nor too little.  This is a balancing act between aesthetic, operational, safety and security needs.

35 The Physical Security System  Physical security footprint – the mark left during or after a security action that the public sees and lets them know security is present.