1 MAR Introduction to Oceanography Professor Pamela Lynch

1 Why Are You Here? Long Island is an ISLAND The Ocean is your backyard

1 A synthetic view of our ocean planet © digitalife/ShutterStock, Inc.

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1 Hawaii, 66’ wave, Fig. 9-16, p. 211

1 Our marine life is the stuff of movies!

1 …and fables… Aug. 1, 2008: “The Montauk Monster”

1 OCEANS?

1 The Ocean EARTH: The only planet w/ Oceans (or liquid water) Covers 71% of earth’s surface “Divided” into 4 large basins –Pacific (largest, deepest) –Atlantic –Indian –Arctic (smallest, shallowest) –(sometimes people add a 5 th : the Antarctic, “Southern Ocean”)

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1 The Ocean > Covers 71% of the earth’s surface (197 million square miles) Accounts for 97% of the water on earth (rest in land ice, ground/freshwater, lakes & rivers) Average depth = 3,796 meters (12,451 feet) (deepest = Mariana trench 11,022 m or 36,163 ft) Average temp = 3.9 o C (only 39 o F)

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1 Fig. 1-1, Garrison

1 Important Facts 81% of the Southern Hemisphere is covered by Ocean (remember that! It’ll become really important later…); while only 61% of the Northern Hemisphere is covered – WHY? The Oceans are 4X as deep as the Continents are high (average depth = 2.5 miles). The Pacific (Ocean) is so huge that it covers almost ½ of the Earth’s surface; it is also the Earth’s largest collection of water. We have 100X more “aquatic” habitats available on earth than terrestrial habitats (1.4 billion cubic kilometers).

Oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean by applying traditional sciences, such as physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and engineering, to all aspects of the ocean. Oceanography: What Is It?

Subdisciplines of Oceanography Marine Geology- –Composition of ocean floor and the earth Physical oceanography- –Movement of water (waves, currents…) Chemical Oceanography- –Ocean’s dissolved solids and gases Marine biology- –marine organisms, the impact of human activities on these organisms Marine Engineers- –Design and build oil platforms, ships, harbors etc. that enable us to use the ocean wisely

1 History of Marine Biology/Oceanography Ocean explored for food, as trade routes, wars, and for voyaging Mediterranean Sea: 1 st voyages then the Atlantic Ocean was explored ( BC). Cartographers (chart makers) on board. Alexander the Great: (Egypt) Lib. of Alexandria Christopher Columbus (1492): “new world” discovered by accident. Followed by Magellan (1500’s, Port. navigator) and Cook (1768, comm. of Endeavour voyage) Charles Darwin Naturalist on HMS Beagle (1831)

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1 History of Marine Biology/Oceanography First Voyages ever to specifically study the ocean (19 yrs. to publish, 50 volumes) Challenger Expedition ( ): measuring systems used, species samples Marine Laboratories –Stazione Zooligica – Naples Italy (1872) –MBL & Woods Hole Oceanograohic Institution– Massachussets –Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CA –Friday Harbor Marine Lab, Washington Allowed long term observation of living organisms

1 Now: “Woods Hole”

1 Oceanography… Then….and Now…

1 Then… Ben Franklin 1769 Gulf Stream chart

1 Then…the “world” chart…3 rd cen. BC

1 Let’s talk about OCEANS! Now…

1 Then…500 B.C. greek ship

1 Now…typical Research Vessel

1 Now…deep sea sub, “Kaiko”

1 Figure 1.11 NOW: “Aquarius” FL Keyes underwater lab