1 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary Driving the Optical Reboot: Technical Advances Towards Terabit Networking Geoff Bennett Director, Solutions & Technology

2 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary  Coined by Andrew Schmitt from Infonetics Describes the transformation (as opposed to evolution) of optical transport networks in response to an exponential growth in demand Characteristics include: The move to coherent transmission The need for integrated OTN switching The need for CDC ROADM technology The need for a dynamic control plane (eg. GMPLS) What is the “Optical Reboot”? This will be the focus for my presentation

3 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary  Coherent technologies enable 100Gb/s transmission, with outstanding reach and spectral efficiency  But how do we continue to scale the operational aspects of coherent technology? Moving beyond 100Gb/s per channel Coherent super-channels  Engineering the “ideal super-channel” The move to multi-carrier The role of photonic integration Agenda

4 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary The “miracle” of coherent transmission Modulator Photodetector A simple transmitter, and even simpler detector with no significant signal processing 10Gb/s per channel 80 channels = 800Gb/s A complex transmitter, and even more complex detector with very significant signal processing 100Gb/s per channel 80 channels = 8Tb/s Tx Rx Tx Rx

5 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary Internet demand is growing at 30-40% CAGR: How do we go “Beyond 100G”? 100Gb/s Coherent Technology Today the opto- electronics does not have the power to sample beyond about 32GBaud Delivers 100Gb/s, single carrier, PM-QPSK with 3,000km reach Wait for the electronics to “catch up” Competitive disadvantage Use “higher order” modulation (eg. 16QAM) to take the load off the electronics Use multi-carrier super-channels Broad industry consensus that super-channels are the way forward for >100G Complementary techniques 16QAM is a “metro reach” modulation

6 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary 190 GHz 1 Laser 4 modulators 160 Gbaud Electronics Time to Market: ~7 years Moving to multi-carrier super-channels Must be spectrally efficient, and possible to manufacture 500Gb/s SC-PM-QPSK Single Carrier 190 GHz 2 Lasers 8 modulators 80 Gbaud Electronics Time to Market: ~5 years Dual Carrier 500Gb/s DC-PM-QPSK 10 Lasers 40 Modulators 16 GBaud electronics Time to Market: NOW 190 GHz Ten Carrier 500Gb/s 10C-PM-QPSK

7 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary  Coherent Super-Channel Tx circuit is complex  Coherent Super-Channel Rx circuit is even more complex  Unless… Controlling the “Component Explosion”: The Power of Large Scale PICs Optical Functions Integrated >600 Fiber Connections Eliminated ~250

8 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary PICs Deliver Massive Capacity: With Lower Power and Space SUPER MZ Optical (Photonics) 3 rd party optics 3 rd Gen 500G PIC.78W / Gbs 2.8 W / Gbps Infinera est. for currently avail. product operating at 25°C 500G Module Example Conventional Solution Coherent (Electronics) FlexCoherent™ Processor (FCP) Coherent ASIC

9 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary Rahn, J.; Sun, H.; Wu, K.T.; Basch, B.E. IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2012, Issue 99: Real-Time PMD Tolerance Measurements of a PIC Based 500Gb/s Coherent Optical Modem 500G Tx Module 500G Rx Module Industry leading performance Peak PMD tolerance to 500ps Tolerant to high speed PMD transients – 10,000 rad/s PICs deliver performance without compromise +

10 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary Scaling with FlexCoherent Super-Channels  Software Selectable Ability to optimize reach vs. capacity on a given link Per super-channel modulation format control Infinera: Leading the way forward in coherent technology ReachCapacity PM-16QAM PM-8QAM PM-QPSK PM-BPSK

11 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary 100G Line Card Without Super-Channels The way 500Gb/s is brought into service today  Bulky  Power-hungry  Does not scale operationally

12 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary With Super-Channels Line Card A super-channel implements multiple carriers - ideally in a single line card… It has excellent optical performance All carriers provisioned in single operational cycle… And is seen as a single unit of capacity by the services that use it It’s practical to build…

13 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary Heavy Reading White Paper Available free at : “As suppliers look to 100G and beyond, we are hearing an increasing consensus among them that the super-channel is the best solution.” “As we move to the 100G era and beyond, the use of photonic integration becomes more pervasive and, ultimately, mandatory.” Sterling Perrin Senior Analyst, Heavy Reading

14 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary The Submarine Networking Reboot: Match Transmission Capacity to Useful Cable Life Useful life of typical submarine cable years but… 30% CAGR for 25 years >700 times increase “Evolution” of the line system can only deliver a limited increase in capacity – to meet predicted demand increase, an “optical reboot” is essential Original submarine line system Phase 1 upgrade 2.5G->10G Phase 2 upgrade 10G – 100G

15 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary CT ROTA TENERIFE GRAN CANARIA CT NOBEL OJOS DE GARZA BMH LA PALMA CT CALP CT GRANADILLA (NAP D-ALiX) CT EL GORO GRANADILLA BMH CANDELARIA BMH BAJAMAR BMH CT GUIMAR TINOCA BMH CT CONIL PENINSULA LA BALLENA BMH CONIL BMH ASILAH BMH MARRUECOS CT SEV-ADIF CT SEV-TELVENT CT JEREZ CANALINK Network Deployment Phase 1 PIC-based line system delivers ~10X capacity increase

16 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary Americas >25,000km Pacific Coast >7000km S. America >20,000km Line System Upgrades are Growing Rapidly Trans-Atlantic >6000km Trans-Atlantic >13,000km Middle East >10,000km Mediterranean >4000km Japan 450km Asia Regional >16000km 40/100G Trials (Subset)

17 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary NREN Backbone Reboot: DANTE GEANT3 Infinera DTN-X 500G, PIC-based, super-channel line cards Up to 1Tb/s per slot in chassis 5Tb/s non-blocking OTN switch Evolution to MPLS-TP Up to 8Tb/s per fiber (C-Band)

18 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary  The optical reboot is about revolution, not evolution  A move to coherent transmission produces at least a 10X improvement in spectral efficiency, and usually an improvement in optical reach  Super-channels offer a way to scale network operations for coherent technologies 5X or 10X the backbone capacity for the same operational effort  Photonic integration is essential for the implementation of practical super-channels Summary: What I talked about today

19 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary  Integrated switching is vital part of the optical reboot Essential for the efficient use of 100G and super-channel capacity Enables effective control planes  ROADM technology is in a state of flux today Ongoing challenge to deliver full CDC economically About to encounter the move from fixed grid to flexible grid  Dynamic control planes drive down OpEx But they require digital switching to work effectively GMPLS is the proven technology today SDN looks like it can solve several interesting problems, but is immature in the context of transport networks Summary: What I did not talk about today

20 | Infinera Confidential & Proprietary Thank You Geoff Bennett