In Haiti in 2010… Haiti cholera death toll passes 900 (cnn.com) Haiti cholera death toll passes 900 (cnn.com) Health workers alarmed over trend in Haiti’s cholera outbreak (cnn.com) Health workers alarmed over trend in Haiti’s cholera outbreak (cnn.com) Cholera deaths up in Haiti, with worst to come (nytimes.com) Cholera deaths up in Haiti, with worst to come (nytimes.com)

You are the doctor, and you must save a cholera patient’s life. Here is what you have to work with…what would you use? Antiviral medication Antiviral medication Antibacterial medication (antibiotics) Antibacterial medication (antibiotics) Salt Salt Aspirin Aspirin Sugar Sugar Water Water Pepsi Pepsi

How did we do? Share how your group decided to treat the patient. Share how your group decided to treat the patient.

What is cholera? Infection of the small intestine which is caused by a bacteria, Vibrio cholerae. Infection of the small intestine which is caused by a bacteria, Vibrio cholerae.Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting, and may lead to death due to dehydration. Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting, and may lead to death due to dehydration. The disease is transmitted through contaminated food and water. The disease is transmitted through contaminated food and water.

So…what happened? Why did some groups save their patients while other groups ended up killing their patient? Why did some groups save their patients while other groups ended up killing their patient? The answer lies in understanding osmosis & diffusion. The answer lies in understanding osmosis & diffusion.

Osmosis, Diffusion & the Cell Membrane

Two quick demonstrations Ink Ink What is going to happen if we let this beaker sit for the rest of class? Why? What is going to happen if we let this beaker sit for the rest of class? Why? Perfume Perfume If I spray some perfume in the room (don’t worry, I won’t), what is going to happen? If I spray some perfume in the room (don’t worry, I won’t), what is going to happen? Who will be able to detect the scent first? Why? Who will be able to detect the scent first? Why?

Ever been to a party where there are a ton of people in one room? What do you do?

Most likely, you spread out to another room where it is less crowded. Most likely, you spread out to another room where it is less crowded. If you were a molecule, this would be diffusion. If you were a molecule, this would be diffusion.

Diffusion The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration (where there are a lot) to areas of low concentration (not so many). The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration (where there are a lot) to areas of low concentration (not so many). This explains why the perfume smell spreads throughout the room & why the ink spreads throughout the glass This explains why the perfume smell spreads throughout the room & why the ink spreads throughout the glass Requires no energy Requires no energy Increasing heat can speed up rate of diffusion Increasing heat can speed up rate of diffusion Why does sugar dissolve faster in hot tea than in cold tea? Why does sugar dissolve faster in hot tea than in cold tea?

Next question… How do you prevent a “bad guy” from breaking into your home at night? How do you prevent a “bad guy” from breaking into your home at night?

Cell Membrane Just as your house has ways to protect against unwanted visitors, the cell does too. Just as your house has ways to protect against unwanted visitors, the cell does too. The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids Roles: Roles: Separate the cell from the environment Separate the cell from the environment Control what comes in the cell & what goes out of the cell Control what comes in the cell & what goes out of the cell

Cell Membrane The cell membrane is semi-permable The cell membrane is semi-permable Means that certain molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer (i.e. water) but certain things cannot Means that certain molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer (i.e. water) but certain things cannot Size usually plays a factor but so may other qualities, such as electrical charge Size usually plays a factor but so may other qualities, such as electrical charge i.e. I can keep burglars out of my home but I sometimes have trouble keeping ants & insects out i.e. I can keep burglars out of my home but I sometimes have trouble keeping ants & insects out

Osmosis Many molecules are able to diffuse in and out of cells. Many molecules are able to diffuse in and out of cells. Water is one such molecule. Water is one such molecule. The diffusion of water is so important to cells that we have a special term for it. The diffusion of water is so important to cells that we have a special term for it. Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane osmosis. Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane osmosis. During osmosis, WATER moves from an area of high concentration (where there is more water) to an area of low concentration (where there is less water) During osmosis, WATER moves from an area of high concentration (where there is more water) to an area of low concentration (where there is less water)

Osmosis Example

Ways of Describing Solutions Solute – component of solution in lesser amount (i.e. in potato lab, it was the salt or sugar) Solute – component of solution in lesser amount (i.e. in potato lab, it was the salt or sugar) Solvent – component of solution in greater amount (i.e. in potato lab, it was the water) Solvent – component of solution in greater amount (i.e. in potato lab, it was the water)

3 Ways of Comparing Solutions Hypotonic Hypotonic Root word means “below” Root word means “below” Describes a solution with a lower concentration of solute than the solution across a selectively permeable membrane Describes a solution with a lower concentration of solute than the solution across a selectively permeable membrane

3 Ways of Comparing Solutions Hypertonic Hypertonic Root word is above (i.e. think about “hyperactive” meaning “above active”) Root word is above (i.e. think about “hyperactive” meaning “above active”) Describes a solution with a higher concentration of solute molecules than the solution across a selectively permeable membrane Describes a solution with a higher concentration of solute molecules than the solution across a selectively permeable membrane

3 Ways of Comparing Solutions Isotonic Isotonic Describes solutions with equal solute concentrations on either side of a selectively permeable membrane Describes solutions with equal solute concentrations on either side of a selectively permeable membrane

What does this mean to cells?

Skin Intestine Body

Skin Intestine Body Salt The cholera bacteria releases a toxin that causes cells to secrete salt into the intestine.

Salt So, there is a greater amount of salt inside the intestine compared to the outside of the intestine. Using what you know about osmosis, explain what happens next.

Osmosis Net Flow of Water

Salt

Net Flow of Water

How would you treat the patient using osmosis?

Cell Membrane Structure Made of two layers (lipid bilayer) Made of two layers (lipid bilayer) Gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier Gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier Contains protein and carbohydrate molecules Contains protein and carbohydrate molecules Helps materials cross the membrane Helps materials cross the membrane

Cell Membrane Structure Phospholipid Phospholipid Hydrophobic tail; Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail; Hydrophilic head Proteins embedded in bilayer Proteins embedded in bilayer May act as channels May act as channels Carbohydrate chains Carbohydrate chains Cellular identification Cellular identification Like a flag Like a flag

Facilitated Diffusion Cell membrane has certain channels (proteins) that make it easy for certain molecules to cross the membrane Cell membrane has certain channels (proteins) that make it easy for certain molecules to cross the membrane Will only occur if there is a higher concentration on one side of the membrane Will only occur if there is a higher concentration on one side of the membrane

Back to that party… What if you wanted to move from the empty room to the crowded room? What if you wanted to move from the empty room to the crowded room? It would require energy on your part to fight your way through the crowd. It would require energy on your part to fight your way through the crowd.

Active Transport Sometimes it is beneficial for cells to move certain molecules “against the tide” Sometimes it is beneficial for cells to move certain molecules “against the tide” From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration This requires cells to use energy This requires cells to use energy The cell has to use ATP (energy currency of the cell) in order to make this happen The cell has to use ATP (energy currency of the cell) in order to make this happen

Active Transport Small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins Small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins Requires energy, cells use majority of their energy for transport Requires energy, cells use majority of their energy for transport Endocytosis Endocytosis Process of taking material into the cell by folding of cell membrane Process of taking material into the cell by folding of cell membrane Exocytosis Exocytosis Membrane of vacuole fuses with cell membrane forcing contents out of cell Membrane of vacuole fuses with cell membrane forcing contents out of cell

Wrap-Up Question, 10/13 Compare/contrast diffusion with active transport. Compare/contrast diffusion with active transport.

Wrap-Up Question, 10/15 What did you expect to happen with the eggs? How did the actual results compare with your prediction? What did you expect to happen with the eggs? How did the actual results compare with your prediction?