Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring BY Alan Mainwaring and David Culler – Intel Research, Berkeley Intel Corporation Joseph Polastre, Robert Szewczyk and David Culler – EECS Department University of California at Berkeley John Anderson – College of the Atlantic Bar Harbor, Maine                        Wireless biological sensors placed in nests A student uses the 'petrel peeper', a portable infrared video system, to inspect a burrow. Students at Maine's College of the Atlantic are using the data to learn more about Storm Petrels in their native habitat.

OUTLINE Requirements for Habitat Monitoring are Established Design Requirements for Hardware, Sensor Network and Capabilities for Remote Data Access and Management are Determined A System Architecture is Proposed to Address these Requirements A Specific Instance of the Architecture is Presented for Monitoring Seabird Nesting Environments and Behavior Results and Recommendations are Discussed

Habitat Monitoring Questions What is the usage pattern of nesting burrows over 24-72 hour cycle when one or both members of a breeding pair may alternate incubation duties with feeding at sea? What changes can be observed in the burrow and surface environmental parameters during the course of the approximately 7 month breeding season(April-October)? What are the differences in the micro-environments with and without large numbers of nesting petrals?

Habitat Monitoring Requirements Minimal disturbance in monitoring Simple, Easy deployment Economical Method for Conducting Long Term Studies FOR EXAMPLE ...

Existing Land-Atmosphere Observation Systems 10. Existing Land-Atmosphere Observation Systems Requires local power utilities Requires miles of power cables Expensive(~100k) Takes weeks to deploy Requires flat locations Measurements are limited to tower footprints

Remote Sensing Requirements Internet Access Hierarchical Network (wireless capability) Sensor Network Longevity (9-12 months) Operating off-the-grid (bundled energy supplies) Management at-a-distance (PDA – Query a Sensor, Adjust Param, Locate Devices) Inconspicuous operation System Behavior In-situ Interactions Sensors and Sampling Data Archiving

Proposed System Architecture Initial Deployment Strategy

Implementation Strategy

Sensor Network Node

Sensor Board

Energy Budget Panel Size in^2 = Total Watt Hours per Day x ____1_____ Peak Winter Hours .065W / in^2

Expected Lifetime

Sensor Deployment Packaging Environmental Protective Packaging that Minimally Obstruct Sensing Functionality GREAT IDEA…EXCEPT THE SIZE OF THE MICE WAS TOO LARGE TO FIT IN PETREL BURROWS!

Sensor Deployment Packaging Environmental Protective Packaging that Minimally Obstruct Sensing Functionality

Patch Gateway FIRST CHOICE : CerfCube Strong Arm embedded System Running Linux and 802.11b single hop w/ CompactFlash 802.11b adapter 1GB Storage and Solar Panel 2.4GHz antenna w/Range of 1000 feet HOWEVER – 802.11b requires bidirectional link in MAC and has TCP/IP Overhead And had 2 required 2 orders of magnitude more power than a mote

Base Station Installation (DBMS) User Interfaces including a PDA

RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

OTHER APPLICATION SERVICES LOCALIZATION, TIME SYNCRONIZATION AND SELF CONFIGURATION

DATA SAMPLING AND COLLECTION

Communications Power Efficient Communication Paradigms must include routing algorithms, medium access algorithms and managed hardware access tailored for efficient network communication while maintaining connectivity when required to source or relay packets. Future above ground nodes will have harvesting capabilities to enable node hop routing

Health Status Monitoring Diagnostics such as voltage at periodic rates as opposed to only during transmission (or Intelligent Schemes)

LATER ADVANCES

NEW WEATHER BOARD DESIGN Mica Sensorboard The mica sensorboard can have these sensors: temperature photo magnetomer accelerometer microphone sounder (buzzer)

MICA 2

CALIBRATION

NEW PACKAGING