ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 1 EC Directive 2004/8/EC on energy cogeneration and its implementation in Slovakia Peter Luby and Marcel Lauko, ECB Bratislava

IngEnergo Figure 2 (a) Combined cycle gas turbine with heat recovery (b) Steam backpressure turbine (c) Steam condensing extraction turbine (d) Gas turbine with heat recovery (e) Internal combustion engine (f) Microturbines (g) Stirling engines (h) Fuel cells (i) Steam engines (j) Organic Rankine Cycles k) All other technologies in line with definition of CHP. Eleven categories of CHP covered by this Directive

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 3 How these Systems Work

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 4 G Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) DH STG Gas Turbubine Generator (GTG) Category A Combined cycle gas turbine with heat recovery SteamTurbine Generator District Heating

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 5 Category B Steam backpressure turbine (c) Steam condensing extraction turbine STG Boiler G DH

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 6 Category C Steam condensing extraction turbine STG Boiler G DH Condenser

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 7 Category D Gas turbine with heat recovery G Heat Recovery Boiler DH Gas Turbubine Generator

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 8 Category E Internal combustion engine ( ICE ) G ICE DH Heat Recovery Boiler

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 9 Category F Microturbines G DH Gas Microturbine < 50 kWe Heat Recovery Boiler

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 10 Heat Source Regenerator Cooler Compression Cylinder Excentric Flywheel Driving Cylinder Hot Helium Cold Helium Category G Stirling engines

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 11 Category G Stirling engine Co-axial version

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 12 Category G Stirling engine – Reciprocating Design Dual opposed 55 We Stirling TDCs. Created by Jeff Schreiber.

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 13 Category G Stirling engine Solar arrangement

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 14 Category H Fuel Cell Katóda Anóda

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 15 Category H Fuel Cell

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 16 Category I Steam Engine Steam Engine Boiler G DH

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 17 Electric Power Production at Temperature Level of 106°C Category J Organic Rankin Cycle

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 18 Category J Organic Rankin Cycle Geothermal Source in Altheim, Austria ORC turbine Evaporator Mineral Water 106 °C Reflux Stream 65 °C Economser Vapor of hexane100 °C G Liquid hexane Condenser 70 °C 60 °C DH 1000 kW

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 19 Category J Organic Rankin Cycle – Package Unit

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 20 Category J Organic Rankin Cycle Condenser Economiser & Evaporator ORC turbine

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 21 Category J Organic Rankin Cycle Detail : ORC turbine

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 22 Implementation of EC Directive 2004/8/EC in Slovakia On 21st March 2007 the Ministry of Economy proposed a Bill "Promotion of high efficiency cogeneration (CHP) production based on the heat demand on the internal energy market". The Bill is intended to define the conditions for supporting high efficiency CHP production, the rules for issuing certificates of origin for electricity produced by high efficiency CHP, and obligations for state administration bodies and CHP producers.

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 23 The Bill targets small-scale CHP generation, up to 1 MW. For electricity production to be considered high efficiency CHP, the following criteria must be met: A) Cogeneration production must provide primary energy savings of at least 10 % compared with the separate production of heat and electricity; B) Production from small scale and micro cogeneration units providing primary energy savings may qualify as high-efficiency cogeneration.

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 24 Benefits from High Efficiency CHP Under the Bill, high efficiency CHP electricity producers would be entitled to preferential transmission, distribution and delivery of their electricity. System operators would also be required to buy highly efficient CHP electricity (in the absence of an agreement between the producer and system operator) at a preferential fixed purchase price. This price has been set by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries for following periods: - Six (6) years for plant being in operation before Jan 1 st Eight (8) years for plant being refurbished after Jan 1 st 2008, if gain in efficiency is higher than 2% - Ten (10) years, for new plant set in operation after Jan 1 st 2008

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 25 Guarantee of origin certificate The highly efficient CHP electricity producer can apply for a guarantee of origin certificate, establishing that electricity sold is produced by high-efficiency CHP process. The Bill defines input data (general and technical parameters) the application must include; the guarantee of origin is issued by the contributory organisation of the Ministry of Economy after the verification of the data and relevant calculations evaluation.

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 26 Responsibilities of Government Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic by its Regulation/Decree define : - Criteria for the high-efficiency CHP - Calculation method for electricity produced by CHP process - Calculation method for the amount of exploitable heat - Method of calculation of the primary energy savings - Method of calculation of the CHP efficiency - Boundary and harmonised reference values for the calculation of CHP electricity and for the calculation of the CHP production efficiency and for the calculation of primary energy savings.

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 27 Ministry of Economy report on the progress of the share of high efficiency CHP every four years. For the purpose of the high- efficiency CHP monitoring and reporting, the Ministry of Economy and relevant contributory organisation are entitled to request necessary data from those state administration bodies keeping records of CHP electricity producers and those recording produced emissions data. CHP electricity producers are obliged to keep the records on the CHP operation – monthly energy balance of production and delivery of electricity and heat (the Bill defines the list of necessary data in detail). Annual data is to be provided to the contributory organisation by the CHP producer by 25th January the following year.

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 28 CHP Potential in Slovakia First group of CHP sources is formed from small industrial sources. Biggest contributors are following four heavy industries:  Metalurgy  Crude oil processing and Petrochemistry  Chemical Industry  Pulp & Paper Industry Own energy production of these plants produce 2800 GWhe/a of electric power.

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 29 Survey of Biggest Cogeneration Plants in Slovakia PlantElectricityHeat Production (GWhe/y) (GWht/y) Bratislava I Bratislava II Bratislava III Bratislava - západ PPC Bratislava Trnava Martinská teplárenská Zvolenská teplárenská Žilinaská teplárenská Košice Total

ECB Bratislava IngEnergo Figure 30 Share of CHP in the Slovak Republic belongs to highest in Europe