 Abandon the site and locate the structure elsewhere  Design deep foundations to carry the weight of the structure to competent stratum  Redesign the structure according to the ground conditions  Improve the properties of the ground prior to construction

 Densification of the ground, E.g.: Compaction  Accelerate the consolidation, E.g.: Vertical drains  Usage of geo synthetics, E.g.: Geotextiles  Usage of admixtures, E.g.: Cement stabilization  Preloading  Mechanical Stabilization Ground improvement is the modification of the ground properties in order to achieve the required ground conditions for the particular use of the ground.

STONE COLUMN TECHNOLOGY

 It is also known as Vibro replacement or Vibro displacement  Compacted aggregates form as a vertical columns to improve the soil conditions.  Resulting in considerable increase in vertical load capacity and to an extent contribute to as drains to dissipate pore water pressure.

Two methods of stone columns:  Wet / Top Feed Method  Dry / Bottom Feed Method

 Step 1 : Penetration of probe  Step 2 : Backfilling of aggregate and compacting  Step 3 : Consolidation of granular fill and finishing the column Vibro Probe

 Step 1 : Penetration of probe  Step 2 : Installation of aggregate through separate duct along the vibro probe  Step 3 : Consolidation of granular fill and finishing the column

 Technically and potentially economical alternative for deep compaction.  Alternative for dynamic compaction, deep blasting etc.,  Quicker than preloading the site  It increases the bearing capacity, reduces the settlements, liquefaction potential.

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