Trajectories of criminal behavior among adolescent substance users during treatment and thirty-month follow-up Ya-Fen Chan, Ph.D., Rod Funk, B.S., & Michael Dennis, Ph.D. Chestnut Health Systems, Bloomington, Illinois

Adolescent Criminal Behavior In the US, in 1999, 2.4 million juvenile arrests; In the US, in 1999, 2.4 million juvenile arrests; 104,000 juvenile violent arrests; 1,400 arrests for murder. 104,000 juvenile violent arrests; 1,400 arrests for murder. Young offenders persistently and frequently involved Young offenders persistently and frequently involved in different types of offenses (Farrington, 1996; Stattin et al., 1991). in different types of offenses (Farrington, 1996; Stattin et al., 1991). High proportion of juvenile violent offenders were drug High proportion of juvenile violent offenders were drug users, yet a considerable proportion of juvenile drug users users, yet a considerable proportion of juvenile drug users were those who manifested with more serious form of were those who manifested with more serious form of delinquent behaviors (Huizinga et al.,1998). delinquent behaviors (Huizinga et al.,1998). About 70% of youths in drug abuse treatment were About 70% of youths in drug abuse treatment were involved in justice system at the same time (Dennis et al., involved in justice system at the same time (Dennis et al., 2005). 2005).

Objective To identify the trajectories of criminal behavior and its correlates among adolescent drug users from treatment entry to 3, 6, 9, 12, and 30 months follow-up To identify the trajectories of criminal behavior and its correlates among adolescent drug users from treatment entry to 3, 6, 9, 12, and 30 months follow-up

Sample 800 adolescents entering outpatient and residential substance abuse treatment in 6 cities (Farmington, CT; Madison County, IL; Oakland, CA; Philadelphia, PA; St. Petersburg, FL; Tucson, AZ) as part of the Persistent Effects of Treatment Study of Adolescents (PETS-A) were sampled. 800 adolescents entering outpatient and residential substance abuse treatment in 6 cities (Farmington, CT; Madison County, IL; Oakland, CA; Philadelphia, PA; St. Petersburg, FL; Tucson, AZ) as part of the Persistent Effects of Treatment Study of Adolescents (PETS-A) were sampled. Adolescents were interviewed by research staff at intake and 3, 6, 9, 12 and 30 months after intake, using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN). Adolescents were interviewed by research staff at intake and 3, 6, 9, 12 and 30 months after intake, using the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN).

Outcome Measure Criminal behaviors include indices related property crime, substance use related crime, and violent crime. Criminal behaviors include indices related property crime, substance use related crime, and violent crime. At intake, the past 12 month criminal behavior were assessed. For 3, 6, 9, 12 and 30 months follow-up, the past three month criminal behavior were asked. At intake, the past 12 month criminal behavior were assessed. For 3, 6, 9, 12 and 30 months follow-up, the past three month criminal behavior were asked. Participants with intake and at least four follow-up data were included. The missing wave was imputed using interpolation of the prior and posterior waves and the regression to project the missing wave. Participants with intake and at least four follow-up data were included. The missing wave was imputed using interpolation of the prior and posterior waves and the regression to project the missing wave.

Cluster Analysis A technique to develop typologies and identify patters of association in a heterogeneous population A technique to develop typologies and identify patters of association in a heterogeneous population Use Ward’s minimum distance with the measure of Squared Euclidean Distance Use Ward’s minimum distance with the measure of Squared Euclidean Distance Cluster on different types of crime, days of illegal activity, days of illegal activity for money and days in a controlled environment Cluster on different types of crime, days of illegal activity, days of illegal activity for money and days in a controlled environment Once the cluster solutions are identified, the correlates can be examined Once the cluster solutions are identified, the correlates can be examined

Past Year Crime and Activity at Intake Property Crime 536 (67.0%) Violent Crime 434 (54.2%) Drug Crime 592 (74.0%) Past Year Any Illegal Activity 697 (87.1%)

Demographic Characteristics Male 594 (74.2%) 594 (74.2%) Non-White 326 (40.8%) 326 (40.8%) Age (13.0%) 104 (13.0%) 453 (56.6%) 453 (56.6%) 243 (30.4%) 243 (30.4%) Level of Care Residential Outpatient Outpatient 308 (38.5%) 308 (38.5%) 492 (61.5%) 492 (61.5%) From Single Parent Family 410 (51.2%) 410 (51.2%) Age of First Drug Use < (88.1%) 704 (88.1%) Ever Being Homeless or Runaway 100 (15.5%) 100 (15.5%) Ever Being Victimized 547 (68.4%) 547 (68.4%) Currently CJ Involvement 521 (65.1%) 521 (65.1%)

Past Year Drug Use at Intake Past Year Drug Use at Intake Alcohol Use Weekly 202 (25.2%) 202 (25.2%) Marijuana Use Weekly 573 (71.6%) 573 (71.6%) Cocaine/Coca Use Weekly 43 (5.4%) 43 (5.4%) Other Drug Use Weekly 75 (9.4%) 75 (9.4%) Weekly Drug Use at Home 152 (19.2%) 152 (19.2%) Weekly Alcohol Use at Home 252 (31.7%) 252 (31.7%) Social Peer Use Drug in the Past 90 Days 734 (92.2%) 734 (92.2%) Social Peer Use Alcohol Weekly 564 (70.8%) 564 (70.8%)

Past Year Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders at Intake Past Year Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders at Intake Depression 267 (33.4%) Generalized Anxiety Disorder 289 (36.1%) Traumatic Stress Disorder 215 (27.0%) 215 (27.0%) Suicidal Problem 142 (17.8%) 142 (17.8%) Conduct Disorder 526 (66.8%) 526 (66.8%) ADHD 412 (51.5%) 412 (51.5%) Substance Dependence Abuse Abuse 487 (60.9%) 487 (60.9%) 292 (36.5%) 292 (36.5%)

Average Legal Outcomes and Time in Controlled Environments (n=800) Intake Months from Intake Z-score (from total mean at intake) Days in a Controlled Environ. (46%, -2%) Average Crime Outcome (-63.2%, -65%) Percentages 2. change from intake to 30 months 1. change from intake to average of months 3 to 12

Association of Correlates and Clusters *p<0.05

Association of Correlates and Clusters **p<0.001

Association of Correlates and Clusters **p<0.001

Association of Correlates and Clusters *p<0.05,**p<0.001

Association of Correlates and Clusters **p<0.001

Association of Correlates and Clusters *p<0.05,**p<0.001

Conclusions Treatment is associated with reductions in illegal activity and violence. Treatment is associated with reductions in illegal activity and violence. Without continuing care, these effects deteriorate over time and detention rates go back up for the moderate to high severity adolescents. Without continuing care, these effects deteriorate over time and detention rates go back up for the moderate to high severity adolescents. Adolescents with high crime/violence are particularly prone to relapse and recidivism and are the most likely to be back in treatment, trouble or incarcerated at 30 months. Adolescents with high crime/violence are particularly prone to relapse and recidivism and are the most likely to be back in treatment, trouble or incarcerated at 30 months. This fourth group is more likely to be male, non-white, victimized, involved with the juvenile justice system, and the most likely to be surrounded by other people using. This fourth group is more likely to be male, non-white, victimized, involved with the juvenile justice system, and the most likely to be surrounded by other people using. The two moderate groups are more likely to have higher rates of psychiatric disorders. The two moderate groups are more likely to have higher rates of psychiatric disorders.

Limitations, Strength & Next Steps Limitations Limitations self report self report descriptive/observational descriptive/observational Strengths Strengths Detailed assessment Detailed assessment Large sample Large sample High follow-up rates High follow-up rates Next Steps Next Steps Replicate with additional data Replicate with additional data Predict trajectory likelihood based on intake and/or initial response to treatment. Predict trajectory likelihood based on intake and/or initial response to treatment. Evaluate the impact of additional continuing care (e.g.., Godley experiment) on longer term trajectories. Evaluate the impact of additional continuing care (e.g.., Godley experiment) on longer term trajectories.

Acknowledgment The content of this presentations are based on treatment & research funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) under contract using data provided by the CYT and AMT grantees: (TI11320, TI11324, TI11317, TI11321, TI11323, TI11874, TI11424, TI11894, TI11871, TI11433, TI11423, TI11432, TI11422, TI11892, TI11888). The opinions are those of the author and do not reflect official positions of the consortium or government. Available on line at or by contacting Joan Unsicker at 720 West Chestnut, Bloomington, IL 61701, phone: (309) , fax: (309) ,