The Crime Scene

Catalyst 10/1/13 Question: Differentiate between class and individual evidence. Answer:

What do you think happened? Why?

Locard’s Principle Dr. Edmond Locard Director of the world’s first forensic lab in France Came up with the idea that when a person comes into contact with an object or another person, a cross-transfer of physical evidence can occur.

2 Main Types of Evidence 1-Direct 2-Circumstantial

Evidence Main types (continued) 1-Direct evidence 2-Circumstantial evidence Trace evidence Class evidence Individual evidence

Direct Evidence Consists of firsthand observations In court, this evidence involves testimony by a witness about what that witness personally saw, heard, or did. (NO intermediary, directly from example to the investigator) Examples: Eyewitness accounts Police dashboard video Confessions

Circumstantial Evidence Indirect evidence that can be used to imply fact but does not directly prove it May provide a link between a crime scene and a suspect Only suspect and victim actually see it left at crime scene Can be physical or biological

Circumstantial Evidence (cont) Examples: Finding a suspect’s gun at the site of a shooting Biological evidence: Body fluids, hair, plant parts, and natural fibers Physical evidence: Fingerprints, footprints, shoe impressions, tire impressions, bullets, and tool marks

Trace Evidence (type of Circumstantial) Type of Circumstantial evidence Physical transfer of material Examples: Hair Fingerprints Soil Blood Kleenex Fiber Glass Paint chips

Class Evidence (type of Circumstantial) Narrows an identity to a group of persons or things Cannot specify a single person Only excludes people that do not fit the category Examples: Blood types Hair color Common fibers Shoe prints

Individual Evidence (type of Circumstantial) Narrows identity to a single person or thing Examples: DNA Complete fingerprints(not partials) Tool marks Anything torn or broken and left at the scene

Catalyst 10/2/13 Question: What is the difference between circumstantial and direct evidence? Answer:

Forensic Activity-ROBBERY! A large appliance store was robbed, but no forced entry was apparent. A tab from a beverage can was found by one of the outside doors, causing investigators to assume that it may have been used to wedge the door for later access. The next day, the driver of a vehicle was pulled over for a minor traffic violation. In the car were a number of empty soda cans, all with their tabs removed.

Answer in your groups! Can you verify that whoever robbed the store worked there? Explain your answer. Did the robber have some connection to anyone that worked there? Explain your answer. Can the tab found at the crime scene be associated with the empty soda cans in the suspect’s car? Why or why not? How would you go about trying to individualize the tab to the can? How strong of a case can you, the forensic investigator, establish against the suspect? Explain your answer. What kind of evidence is the tab; class or individual? Explain your answer. What additional evidence could be collected from the tab that was left at the crime scene to strengthen this case? Explain how your answer would help the prosecution.

5 S’s of Crime Scene Investigation Securing the scene Separating the witnesses Scanning the scene Sketching and photograph the scene Searching and collecting of evidence

1-Securing the Scene The most important job at a crime scene Performed by the first officer at the scene, called the first responder Safety of all individuals in first priority Preservation of evidence is second Finally record the scene

2-Separate the witnesses Separation prevents them talking to each other Each witness will be asked about the crime scene and what they observed

3-Scan the Scene Determine if and where photos should be taken Determine if there may be a secondary crime scene Person killed at a party (primary scene) Dumped in a lake (secondary scene)

4-Sketching the Scene First is a Rough Sketch done at the scene Must be accurate and to scale Note body, evidence, doorways, windows, walls, trees, cars, and movable objects Distances should be measured and recorded Case number, date, location, and time should also appear on the sketch

Rough Sketch

Final Sketch Usually done by a computer Presented in court

Photographing the Crime Scene All evidence Doors and windows Anything out of the ordinary

5-Searching and Collecting Evidence Must be properly packaged, sealed, and labeled Dry evidence - placed in a paper bindle, put into a plastic bag, sealed with tape, labeled Wet evidence - placed in a paper bag to allow drying, then treated like dry evidence When bag is sealed, person must sign their name across the seal

Making a paper bindle Fold the paper into thirds both directions so you end up with 9 rectangles Place your evidence in the middle and fold paper around it Do you have any further questions on how to create a paper bindle?

Collecting Evidence Evidence Label

Chain of Custody Must be attached to evidence container Starts with person who finds evidence The next person to use or analyze the evidence must fill out a label Ensures evidence is handled correctly If it is not handled correctly, can be traced to who’s responsible

Crime Scene Reconstruction Crime scene reconstruction involves: forming a hypothesis of the sequence of events from before the crime was committed BEWARE of staged crimes (cover ups)

Staged Crime Scenes When the lab results do not match up with the testimony of witnesses, it can mean the crime was staged Common examples include: Staging a fire—to cover bankruptcy. Staging a suicide—to cover a murder. Staging a burglary—to collect insurance money.

Staged Crime Scenes (cont) To help determine whether a crime scene was staged, consider: Whether the type of wound found on the victim matches the weapon employed. Whether the wound could have been easily self-inflicted. The mood and actions of the victim before the event. The mood and actions of a suspect before the event.